辅导三定语从句.ppt

,定语从句,英语中，将在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中的某名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，通常放在定语从句之前。,引导定语从句的引导词（也叫关联词）可以是 关系代词（如that, which, who, whom,whose等） 或者关系副词（如when, where, why等）。,引导词通常位于先行词和定语从句之间，它既 起联系作用，又充当从句中的某个句子成分。,定语从句的基本结构是： 先行词 + 引导词 + 定语从句。,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和 非限制性定语从句两大类别：,限制性定语从句是先行词必不可少的 定语，与主句关系十分密切，如果被删去， 则主句的意义就不完整甚至失去意义， 书写时主从句之间不可用逗号分开。,非限制性定语从句是对先行词附加的 文字说明作用，与主句关系不是很密切， 如果被删去，也并不影响逐句的意思和 完整性，书写时主从句之间往往用逗号 分开。,定语从句这个语法项 目中，最复杂也是最关键 的知识就属关联词了。 要掌握好定语从句的 引导词的用法，我们必须 从下面的这些方面入手。,从句的特点,1. 从句也要符合句子的基本结构,2. 从句只是做为句子某一成分出现的,3. 从句的关联词是从句开始的标志,The girl who is standing there is Mary.,who is standing there,先行词,关系词,who is standing there,掌握定语从句的关键,that/who,that/who/whom,that/which,that/which,whose+n. the+n.+of which of which +the+n.,介词+关系词 When Where why,考点一：that和which,1. Finally, the thief handed everything he had stolen. 2. This is the best book Ive ever read. 3. The only thing matters is to find our way home. 4. We talked about the things and persons _ we saw then. 5. She heard a terrible noise, brought her heart into her mouth 6. He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.,(that),(that),that,(that),which,which,that which 可互换， 下列情况要照办，that 用法比较多 不妨对你说一说：不定代词这路货 要用that 准没错；先行词前有限制 千万不要用which;要用which 别着急； 介词提前逗隔离。,Consolidation,His movie won several awards at the film festival, _ was beyond his wildest dream. A. which B. that C. where D. it 2. He was educated at the local high school, _ he went to Beijing University. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that,3. Tom handed everything _ he had found in the park to the police. that B. what C. which D. whatever 4. This is one of the best films _ this year. they have been shown B. that has been shown C. that have been shown D. which has been shown,1. The farm _ I once worked has taken on a new look. 2.Is this the house _ Shakespeare was born? 3.In the dark street there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. 4. The English play _my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.,in which/where,to whom,in which,考点二:介词+关系代词（which/whom）,on which,5. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _ he could see what was going on inside the house. 6. Luckily, wed brought a road map _ _ we would have lost our way. 7. This is the teacher _ we have learned a lot. 8. The gentleman _ you talked to me yesterday proved to be a thief.,from whom,about whom,考点二:介词+关系代词（which/whom）,through which,which,without,解题方法： 还原法 即把先行词还原回到定语从句中， 观察先行词在定语从句中做什么成分.,一找 二查 三选,：定语从句和先行词,：先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分 即定语从句中的动词和先行词的搭配,：适合的关系词,1. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 2. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _they can talk frequently. A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom,Show yourself off!,3. I saw a woman running towards me in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _she had come. A.of whichB.by whichC.in whichD.from which 4. John asked the policeman _ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom,The books, 其中一些是新的 , are worth reading. 2. I have many friends, 其中一些 went abroad. 3. I have three brothers, 其中两个是教师 teachers.,some of which are new,some of whom,of which some are new,of whom some,two of whom are,of whom two are,知识拓展,表示整体中的部分情况： 表示部分的词语+介词（of）+ which/whom也可以转换为“介词（of）+which/whom+表示部分的词语。 表示部分的词有：不定代词all, both, none, neither, either, some, any;基数词，序数词，分数和 百分数；the +最高级/比较级；以及表示数目或数量的词语many, most, few, several, half a, a quarter。,1. There are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which 2. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that 3. I was given three books on cooking,the first_I really enjoyed. A.of that B.of which C.that D.which,Show yourself off!,4. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 5. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _ five are mine. A on which B in which C of which D from which,考点三:先行词是表示时间，地点，原因 的名词时关系代词与关系副词引 导定语从句的区别,1. After living in Paris for 50 years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 2. It was an exciting moment for these people this year, _ for the first time their team won the World Cup. A. that B. while C. which D. when,作主宾 that / which,作状语 when / why / where,3. The factory _ we will visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 4. Anyway, that evening, _ I will tell you more about later, I ended up staying at his place. A. when B. where C. what D. which 5. I will never forget the days _ we worked together and the days _ we spent together. A. when; which B. which ; when C. what; that D. on which; when,6. - What do you think of teaching, Bob? - I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting. A. where B. which C. when D. that 7. Moarts birthplace and the house _ he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now. A. where B. when C. there D. which 8. Life is like a long race _ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. A. why B. what C. that D. where,9. Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. that B. which C. where D. when 10. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. if B. when C. which D. though 11. Some pre-school children go to a day-center, _ they learn simple games and songs. A. then B. there C. while D. where,12. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing. when B. whose C. which D. where 13. Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. A. who B. which C. why D. when,考点四: as/which,1. The earth is round,_ is known to all. 2._ is known to all, the earth is round. 3._ is known to all that the earth is round. 4. This is the same pen as I lost. This is the same pen that I lost. 5. This is such an interesting book _ we all like. This is so interesting a book _ we all like. This is such an interesting book _we all like it. This is so interesting a book _we all like it.,which / as,As,It,as,as,that,that,1. as引导定语从句在 从句中做主语或宾语 2. as可引导非限制性从句，带有 正如,正像 as you know/ as you see /as we planned/ as we expected, as 引导的定语从句 可置于句首，而which不可。 3. 当先行词被the same；such ;so; as 修饰时用as 引导限制性定语从句。,1. _is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. it B. As C. That D. What 2. _ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As 3. _I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. AWhen BAfter CAs DSince,way 作先行词后跟定语从句的情况： 1/ He managed to achieve his goal in a way _you thought was impossible. 2/ The way _he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 3/ The way _he explained to us was quite simple. 4/ What surprised me was not what he said but the way _he said it.,that/which,that/in which/ 省略,(that/which),that/in which/ 省略,case /situation /point/ condition / place/position 状况，情形引导定从 做状语 where/in which 做宾语 (that/which) 1. Were trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. 2. I think you have got to the point _ a change is needed, or you would fail. A. when B. where C. that D. which,B,where/in which,3. If something is dog-eat- dog, it is a situation_ people have to take care of themselves and look after their own interests. A. on which B. in which C. by which D. for which 4. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.,B,5. I can think of many cases where students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. 6. Today, well discuss a number of cases _ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. (07陕西) A. which B. as C. why D. where,D,7.After graduation she reached a point in her career _ she needed to decide what to do. (07江西) A. that B. what C. which D. where 8. Do you have anything to say for yourselves? Yes，there s one point _ we must insist on (江西) Awhy Bwhere Chow D/,D,D,1. 定语从句考点 1、关系代词 that which; whose; which as 的用 法比较； 2、关系代词和关系副词的用法比较； 3、介词加关系代词引导的定语从句； 4、定语从句与并列句的区别。,1、关系代词的用法比较 问题1： 1、Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. （05浙江卷） Awhich Bthat Cthis Dit 2、Luckily, wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way. （04北京春季） A. it B. that C. this D. which,A,当先行词为物时，关系代词可以用 that 也可用 which，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which，不能用 that。,D,但在下列情况中，只能用 that，不用 which： 当先行词是 all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing 等词时。如： All that can be done has been done. In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours. 当先行词被 all, any, no, much, little, few, every 等限定词所修饰时。如： We heard clearly every word that he said.,当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如： The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets. When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake. 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如： Is that the best that you can do? Thats the most expensive hotel that weve ever stayed in. This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.,当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如： This is the very book that I want to find. 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如： The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most. 当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Which is the car that killed the boy?,问题2： 1) Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _effects the people are still suffering. （05天津卷） A. that B. whose C. those D. what 2) George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (04北京） A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name,B,D,“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如题2），又能作宾语（如题1）。whose 的先行词常用来指人（如题2），但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念（如题1），这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which” 。题1可变为：from the effects of which ,问题3： 1、_ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. （04江苏） A. Which B. When C. What D. As 2、John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true. （01北京春季） Ahe Bthis Cwhich Dwho,D,非限制性定语从句一般采用 which 或 as 来引导。使用这两个词时要注意三点： （1）as 引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which 引导的从句只能放在主句之后。（2）从意义上讲，which 指前面主句的内容；而 as 指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象那样、正如所的”。 （3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用 which，而不用 as，,C,问题4： What surprised me was not what he said but he said it. （04湖北） Athe way Bin the way that Cin the way Dthe way which,A,该句的意思是“使我感到惊奇的不是他说了些什么，而是他表达的方法。”句中“what he said”和“the way he said it”是并列结构作表语。假如 the way 在从句中作状语，其中的关系词有三种不同的表达方式。1) the way + that; 2) the way 后省略关系词; 3) the way + in which。根据句意可以排除B、C；答案D which 前缺少介词 in，所以答案为A。,2、关系代词和关系副词的比较 问题1： 1、Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago? （05北京春季） A. where B. when C. that D. what 2、There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. （04全国II） A. where B. which C. when D. that,C,A,当先行词是表时间的 time, day 等和表地点的 place, house 等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构。如果缺少主语或宾语，关系词应该用 which 或 that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用 when 或 where。题1中的 farm 作 visited 的宾语，故选C；题2中的 trousers 作 wiped 的地点状语，故选A。,使用关系副词应注意下列几点： 1、关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词 + which结构： when = on (in, at, during) + which; where = in (at, on) + which; why = for which. 如： I was in Beijing on the day when (= on which) he arrived. The office where (= in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (= for which) we did it.,2、当先行词是表时间和表地点的 词时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用 which 或 that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用 when 或 where，试比较： Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. Ill never forget the days which / that we spent together last summer. His father works in a factory where radio parts are made. His father works in a factory which / that makes radio parts. 3、 when 和 where 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而 why 只能引导限制性定语从句。,3、介词加关系代词引导定语从句 问题1： 1、The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. (05江苏卷) A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which 2、He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge. （05山东卷） A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this,C,C,题1中 the place 在定语从句中作 to be built 的地点状语，此处的 at which 相当于 where; 后面是表语从句，表示建在某地。题2表示读完当地的语法学校后去剑桥深造，故选C。,介词加关系代词引导定语从句是近几年高考中 的热点，复习中需注意以下几个问题： 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用 whom 指人，which 指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如： Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to? The pencil (which / that) he was writing with suddenly broke. 2. 要确认关系代词前用什么介词，需根据从句中的动词与先行词的关系来确定。所以解题时需分析从句与主句之间的关系。,巩固练习： American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. （04上海） A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom 2. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. （04全国I） A for which B at which C in which D on which 3. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _ five are mine. （04全国IV） A on which B in which C of which D from which 4. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. （04广西） A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which,A,D,C,C,4. 非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别 问题1： There are two buildings, stands nearly a hundred feet high. （04湖北） Athe larger Bthe larger of them Cthe larger one that Dthe larger of which,要区别是并列句还是非限制性定语从句，关键是看两个 句子之间是否有连词，若有表示并列关系的连词或分号破折 号，那就是并列句；如果两句之间没有这些连接符号，那就 是非限制性定语从句，此时就需考虑使用适当的关系代词或 关系副词了。,D,巩固练习： The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% are sold abroad. （04辽宁） Aof which Bwhich of Cof them Dof that 2. I have many friends, some are businessmen. （05全国卷1） Aof them Bfrom which Cwho of Dof whom,A,D,题2也可以改为：some of whom are businessmen. 如果在之 前加上连词 and，就只能用 some of them，而且不能倒装。,5、注意 the same as / such as 的使用问题 当先行词被 the same 所修饰时，关系词既可以用 as，也可以用 that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用 as，表示同一事物多用 that。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。 This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。 在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用： I have the same opinion as / that you have.,这里要注意的是： (1) 使用 as 时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用 that 时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如： Women received the same pay as men. Women received the same pay that men received. (2) 在 “the samethat” 结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的 same 也可以省去。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. = This is the same instrument I used yesterday. = This is the instrument I used yesterday. 但在 “the sameas” 结构中，same 和 as 都不能省略。,(3)当 “the samethat” 结构中的 that 作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与 as 互换。如： He lives in the same building that I live. = He lives in the same building as / that I live in. Shall we meet at the same place that we last met? = Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at?,(4) 当先行词前有 such, so, as 时，关系词应当用as。如： A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesnt understand. He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand. At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can. It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read. Lets discuss such things as we can talk of freely.,另需注意： This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句） This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.（结果状语从句）,定语从句与易混句型巧区分,定语从句是高中阶段的重点语法项目之一。因此，同学们有必要全面弄清其用法。定语从句从句型上讲，它与下面句式相似，十分容易混淆。为了帮助同学们分清定语从句与这些句型的差异，现将其分类例析如下。,1.Mr Li has three daughters, none of is an engineer. 2.Mr Li has three daughters, but none of is a dancer. 3.Mr Li has three daughters; are doctors.,定语从句（The attributive Clause）,定语从句与并列句,用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。,-,-,whom,them,-,none,they,二. 定语从句与地点状语从句,用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。,1.Rice doesnt grow well _ there is not enough water. 2.I still remember the farm_ my parents worked ten years ago.,where,where,on which,对比下面两个句子： He left the key where he had been an hour ago. He left the place where he lived for many years.,练习：The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _ stands the famous tower. A. that B. where C. which D. there,B,三. 定语从句与强调句,用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。,1.It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met John at the airport. 2.It is the factory _John works.,that,where,练习：It was 5 o clock in the morning _ he arrived home.,when,四. 定语从句与结果状语从句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。,I have the same computer _you have. 2. She is such a kind girl _all of us like to make friends With her.,as,that,对比下面两个句子： He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect. He is such a good teacher that we all love and respect him. 练习：It is such a good place _ everybody wa