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对英语实行“类第一语言”写作训练的研究,龙溪中学 李枫,什么是“类第一语言型”英语写作训练?,就是把英语写作当作第一语言写作那样进行训练。,功能,让学生尽最大可能用英语言语; 尽最大可能暴露学生语言知识上问题; 尽最大可能暴露学生非智力因素; 尽最大可能使用已学知识; 尽最大可能暴露母语的“不相容句式”; 尽大可能地用英语激发学生智慧;,尽最大可能地实现文章的建筑美; 尽最大可能地培训学生的思维; 尽最大可能地激发语言美; 通作写作尽量大可能健全人格; 明确学生的主体性和教师的主导性。,作文心理障碍的一般情况:,1、 自己写的与读的,差距太大; 2、 脑子里已积累了一定的词汇,但用不出来; 3、 很想表达自己的思想,做到语言与思维,语言与情感的统一,但达不到; 4、 应试式作文定势:考试无需写长,够字数就够了,想写长也写不长; 5、 老是出错; 6、 长期不进步,总是得不到高分; 7、 想写,但脑子一篇空白; 8、 得不到老师的表扬,也得不到老师的指点,写了也没用,写了也白写,写来写去是一个样; 我母语作文都写不好,英语作文更不用说了。,享受英语作文的快乐心理:,1、作文源于模仿,模仿来源于积累,积累需要背诵瞧,我写得与课文差不多,甚至比课文还要生动; 2、老师经常面批指点,豁然开朗,产生顿悟的快感; 3、写好第一篇文章,获得成功的自信和决心; 4、写好一篇技巧型文章,写什么,都是熟门熟路,就会自信从容。 5、学会如何开头,建立执笔的自信; 学会写作过程的逻辑性,结构化,思维顺畅,获得思想通达的快感;,1、 学会如何收尾,如何应急收尾,感受机智的快感; 2、 学会如何应用情感语言,选择表达自我的语言特点,使文章有文采,感受文如其人的快乐; 3、 学会用多种语言方式表达同一个意思,感受言语流畅的快感; 4、 老师的经常表扬和鼓励,获得自我肯定的快感; 5、 写作文,成了我的乐趣,是因为可以展示知识积累,展示个人情感,展示个人品格,因为知行合一,因为展示成功,所以快乐;,10、词汇、语句、篇章,在学中用,在用中学。作文的成功,可以鼓励学生有目的地去背诵记忆,拥有学习的方向感; 11、学会分析自己的作文,修改他人的作文,建立互助型团队,获得合作的快乐,改善同学关系,增进同学友谊。 12、作文档案的建立,学生的作文被珍惜,他们也会珍惜自己的作文,从而渴望写得更好。 13、让写作文(写作)成为一种言语行为定势,“我思故我在”,体验生命的存在价值。,第一篇,学习策略的准备,1、为学生catch what I say做了哪些准备? 2、为学生understand what I say做了哪些准备? 3、为学生mind what I say做了哪些准备? 4、为学生enjoy what I say做了哪些准备? 5、为学生do what they want to do做了哪些准备? 6、为学生enjoy what they do做了哪些准备? 7、为学生enjoy what they help others with做了哪些准备?,为学生准备述语和概念 思维超前训练; 分析问题的语言表达方法训练; 研究型学习团队的形成; 1、 Teamwork (帮辅型小组) 2、Pairwork 与groupwork:,以教代学法; 无标准答案策略; 自主控制策略; 降低难度策略; 档案效应; 同题检测效应。,第二篇,字母、书写、语音的准备,一周改变书法的策略,语音,一级: 一口气法(一个单词一口气,到没气为止); 二级: 以音导词法; 词典检测法; 在挖空填词中增加查词典写音标内容; 三级: 以词测音法; 音义猜词法;,第三篇,读的准备 读是第一道坎:教材是学习的载体,读都不会读,他怎么会有信心学下去?,一级: 单词句子的一口气读法 词汇表的句式化读法(视觉与发音器管训练) 方言发音习惯障碍纠正法(发音器管训练) 开口度训练法; 词尾清浊音的转化与吞音法(流畅性) 限时速读游戏; 师生同步朗读提速法; 师生速度竞赛法; 学生小组竞读法。 师生速度示范,二级: 非关键词的弱读法(流畅性) 长短音节奏训练法 关键词重音节奏训练法(乐感,音感) 语调训练法(列举句,插入语,同位词,呼语,定语从句等) 开篇开段句和词(long long ago,one day),关联词(so),语气词,过渡词(短语)(instead),过渡句语气语调训练法(do you think so?);(乐感,音感),三级: X+1背诵法(课文与听力材料,记忆力训练) 课堂站背法(记忆力训练) 语速对比法(与美国总统就职演讲的语速,与美国知音的新闻报道语速,与电影对白语速) 学唱英语歌 分层法 背诵控制,第四篇,词汇准备,每一个单词都是一个种子, 内涵是种子的胚芽。 “陈谷不发芽”。 晒谷原理有规律地大面积复现单词扬起词汇复现“龙卷风”。,三年做法: 一级难度 学生拟写词汇归类列表提纲(学生列表为主,教师指导); 每周一本同类词列表汇编(按词性,事物属性,学会词汇管理,认知结构训练,作业本其十四页,一天两页) 每周一本首字母联想法(为查词典服务,先做联想训练,再告知查典单词编排方式) 每周一本听写训练(单词或句子,同学合作,训练同学互动) 每周一本句型转换(增强语序感知,学生互相出题,老师专题,试卷练习) 每周一本用词造句法(用来训练根据生词后的页码提示快速查到原句,为以后辨词打基础),二级难度 口袋书; 查词典:在具备一定语音能力就可以开始,初一下半个学期,就可以开始,查词典培养自学能力,研究型学习能力,迁移能力。,三级难度 词汇龙卷风:视所有单词为生词,将整个单元的教材内容,听力材料,习题材料,作大面积词汇训练处理。 A单词中译英; B无限同义句转换; C一中一英句子翻译填空; D一中多英; E一英多中翻译法; F篇章挖空; G语法类挖词填空; 以音导词法; 音义导词法; 首字母附英义导词法; 笔记的妙用;,两个策略,过程策略; 内涵生成策略。,第五篇,开始“煮词煮句” 写作的词、句准备。,每一个单词都是一个脑细包。 句子是脑神经。 篇章是脑皮层。 言语是中枢。 词义模糊好比脑细包受损。 语意不清好比脑神经受损。 文章不会读就是失语症。 最终是少年痴呆。 半生不熟的饭伤胃煮单词原理,案例2教材注解的误导 理由:前摄的抑制作用和母语表达方式的选词及中英文表达的对接。 材料来源:Unit3 P23. 2 volunteer和cause She should be allowed to volunteer at the newspaper office once a week Some students should be allowed to have Friday afternoons off to volunteer and help others. Cause a lot of trouble,案例3相近词义的混淆: “明确=理解=明白=清楚=具体=详细”吗?specific知多少? 教委卷第一单元,第4部分第51题的首字母填空 I cant catch what you say, would you mind speaking a little more s_? 是slowly还是specifically?,案例4 只可意会不可言传的语句处理故事情景法(情感体验接受法) 有些句子也许只可意会不可言传。 Unit 2 Book3 有一个句子, Its very important for parents to be there for their children. To be there给人的情感冲击有多强?,心灵鸡汤里的一篇文章: No matter what happens, Ill always be there for you. for eight hours.12 hours.24 hours.36 hours.then, in the 38th hour, he pulled back a large stone and heard his sons voice. He screamed his sons name, “ARMAND!“ He heard back, “Dad!?! Its me, Dad! I told the other kids not to worry. I told them that if you were alive, youd save me and when you saved me, theyd be saved. You promised, No matter what happens, Ill always be there for you! You did it, Dad!“ “Whats going on in there? How is it?“ the father asked. “There are 14 of us left out of 33, Dad. Were scared, hungry, thirsty and thankful youre here. When the building collapsed, it made a triangle, and it saved us.“ “Come out, boy!“ “No, Dad! Let the other kids out first, cause I know youll get me! No matter what happens, I know youll always be there for me!“,老教材里的一篇章: 1921年在珠峰8100m遇难的Mallory留给世人这句话。 Someone had once asked Mallory why he wanted to climb the most dangerous mountain in the world. “Because its there,“ he answered. Why do you want to climb Everest? Because its there.,案例5:语句与素材的关系思维拓展训练演绎和联想能力,如何获取素材? 请以Mom loves me为题,写一篇文章,段落三段以上,文章中不能出现love,like表示爱和喜欢的词,请用具体事件来表达妈妈的爱。 以A trouble为题,写一篇段落为三落的文章,除开头句可以出现trouble外,其他地方不得出现trouble。,案例6:如何重塑语言,导入语篇的语感教学? 办法是:语言要学生自己形成,话从学生自己的口中说出。 Unit1 P8关于By learning to forget的一段文字的解读。,when we are angry, however, we are usually the ones who are affected. Perhaps we have seen young children playing together. Sometimes they have disagreements and decide not to talk to each other. However, this usually does not last for long. This is an important lesson for us: we can solve a problem by learning to forget.,案例7:如何学习语法述语的内涵对语法述语的适度处理 如何认知虚拟语气?虚:子虚乌有;拟:【动】 (形声。从手,以声。本义:揣度,猜测)。 子虚乌有的假设; 真实可能的假设,例8:中文句式与英语句式的差异,At today afternoon have a little boy on the playground play basketball. Have a teacher comes into the classroom. My dad is very love me. My father is an office factory boss.,例9:中文说话篇段与初中英文写作的言语差异,中文语式:我听到下课铃想,拿起电脑包,就去关了电风扇。为了搭同事的车,匆匆走到校门口,与门卫说了一句话,发现有车的同事都走得比我早,只好到车路上去等车,一等等到天黑。 而英文语式,对初学都来说,主要是写对完整的句子,所以,可以将这一段话作如下处理。 我听到下午最后一节下课铃响。我拿起电脑包。我关了电风扇。我的脚有伤。我想搭同事的车,我匆匆走到校门口。我与门卫阿公打了个招呼。我发现同事的车都不在校门口。我知道他们都比我早离开了。我只好到车路上等车。我一等等到天黑。,中文:通过语境,直接用动词接续,获得语感. 初中要求:围绕语境,用完整的句子接续,获得语感.,第六篇,写作开始,写作是一种态度, 写作是一种自信。 无聊读书,寂寞写作, 写作是慰藉心灵的一种手段。 “我思故我在”, 写作是体验自我存在的途径, 写作即是感怀生命。 写作就是说话, 写作就是说自己,说生活, 写作使用知识 写作开启智慧 写作就是完善自我,完善人生,背景(略) 在你找不到人找不到地方说话时, 你写吧! 在你找不到人找不到地方说外语时,你写吧!,1、出题,课代表命题, 老师命题, 自由命题, 同题作文(与单元相同,全班同题), 变题作文(与单远相近,或演绎深化)。,出题范围,服务于词汇学习:用需要强化的词写作。 服务于句式和句式:学习定句从句时,提出要尽可以使用定语从句 服务于文章体裁学习:应用文,记叙文,记叙夹议,抒情记叙,说明文 服务于生活:生活的方方面面。 服务于人生观价观:比如富贵与贫穷等。 服务于情感:如果妈妈的爱,感人的事。 服务于社会:如环境保护,社会道德类。 服务于自然环境:如鸟与人。 服务于为写作而写作:自由命题。 服务于考试:避免出错,字数的控制。 目的性功能:写作的要求。,2 修改流程:,老师批改学生互改(不可涂去错误部分) 老师面辅错误汇编小组修改集中答疑。,3批注符号:,WF句式错误、WW单词错误、T时态错误、缺词或缺句、SP拼写错语、WO语序错误、P标点错误、V动词形式错误、/换段、删除、 合并、?意思不明、需要重新表达、这一部分需要重写、!不应该错 (Tricia Hedge, Teaching and Learning in the Language Classroom, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.11.)。,4、 禁止夹尺书写与白纸效应; 5、 一周改变书法; 6、 如何违避生词生句; 7、 禁止投机取巧; 8、 类第一语言型作文训练; 9 、 应试式作文的弊端; 10、诚信要求与目标设置:,11、词句敏感度的培训与元知能力; 12、范文的理念; 13、什么是激励; 14、文章结构化的生成; 15、如何将情感和语言色彩倾入写作过程; 16、如何开篇开段; 17、如何使用过渡词过渡句;,How do you keep happy every day? Most of us have probably been angry with their friends, parents or teachers. When we are angry, we are usually the ones affected. Times goes by, and good friendship may be lost. So we should keep happy every day. For example, if we failed some tests or had something wrong. We must get angry. We dont always worry that our problems can influence the way we behave with our friends. So, we should do some funny sports, like playing basketball, soccer or listening some beautiful music, with our friends. Even you can communicate with your teacher about your problems. If we do this, well forget this frustrating problems. And then, we will keep happy every day. And well get better friendship. If we get mad all day. It can also influence our health. So, its very important for us to keep happy every day.,18、如何结尾; 19、如何应急收尾; 20、如何对待“废话”问题;,My story As you know, I was poor when I was a young girl. And my dad didnt live with me. I couldnt buy anything I wanted. At that time, even one yuan, I thought, was important. My mom worked at a hotel. She was hard-working. Because she wanted us to live well. So, she came back home late every night. I knew it was difficult for my mom to make money. So I never asked my mom to buy something for me. Because I knew my mom didnt have much money. My mom told me that my dad worked in Fujian. I told my mom that I hated him. He didnt do anything he should do. Mom told me that I couldnt hate my dad. Because he wanted to make much money, then let us live well. I could understand my mom. Those years, mom took me here and there, however, she tried her best to make me happy.,I remember, one day, my mom bought some candies for me. I was very happy. My mom felt that I was very happy, so she was also very happy. When I was 10 years old. My mom took me to Fujian. I met my dad at last. I was crying to meet my dad. Not because I was sad, but because I was happy and surprised. At that time, my dad was already making much money. So he decided to take my mom and me back to our hometown. Now, my family are happy, we get on well. My parents love me. They always buy something for me. I am happy. But I know its not easy for my parents to make money, I always say, “We should save money.” Although I have much money now, I never spend it on something useless. I love my parents forever.,前一天的作文,是这样收尾的:since that, I know, money is not everything, but if we dont have money, we will be able to do nothing. I must make much money for my family.,第七篇,写后诊断,12月11日,My loving mother From Yinqingqing: My mother is very kinds词的形式错误. She is world a good mother中文式. She is very loving. But my mother is very usually forget doing things句式错误,动词形式,短语. For example, she is go to 动词误用the 冠词错误Chumeng with my father, she forget tell 动语形式,短语me we not come动词形式 hear 拼写错误eat句式错误. She calls phones 短语错误for me句式错语. But I just go out home短语,动词形式. So my mother also forget 动词形式this thing. Arrive 句式Im very hungrey拼写 wait we are come over eat dinner句式. Arrive句式 they are come over动词. Im very happy and very boring形容词. Im very dislike句式 they代词. Because my mother is very forgetful this is very not good句式. But my mother is also very good and loving to me and family. She is very good. She is cook 动词is very good句式. My family are praise this动词形式 she代词宾格. She is very happy. Because she is think动词形式,动词误用 give we are cook is very good 句式she is loving to do it句式. thank you for you my mother句式. She cook is delicious foods句式. I think they are world is very lovely句式. My family is very happiness词的误用. I love to my family句式. And you? I think you agree also is with me.句式12.11,12月11日,分析与对策,优点:写得大胆。 缺点:似懂非懂,有一定的词
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