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专题八 主从复合句,一、状语从句 1时间状语从句 (1)由 as,while 引导时,表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,或一个动作发生在另一个动作或状态的过程中; (2)由 after,when 引导时,表示主句动作在从句动作之后; (3)由 before,when 引导时,表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前;,(4)由 whenever,every/each time 引导时,表示主句动作以从句动作为条件而发生; 例如:We can leave whenever you are ready.(你什么时候准备好,我们就可以动身了。“动身”这个动作是在这个人准备好了之后发生的。) (5)由 as soon as 引导时,表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间之后(注意:the moment,the instant,the second,the minute 都可做连词用,引导状语从句,意思是 as soon as);,(6)由scarcely/hardly.when,no sooner.than 引导时,表示主句动作发生在从句动作一瞬间之前。 2原因状语从句 由 because,as,since 或复合连接词 now that,in that 等引导。(注意:for 是连词,虽然也可以表示“因为”,但其后所接的是并列句中的一个独立句,而非从句。) 3地点状语从句 由 where,wherever引导。,4条件状语从句 由 if,as (so) long as, unless 引导。 条件状语从句分为两大类:真实条件句和虚拟条件句。当从句所表达的条件是有可能实现的、有可能是真实的条件时,用真实条件句;如果从句所表达的条件是不可能实现的、与客观事实完全相反的条件或假设时,用虚拟条件句。 特别提醒:在真实条件句中,从句动词应该用一般现在时代替一般将来时,用现在完成时代替将来完成时。 5目的状语从句 由so that,in order that,in case 等引导。 特别提醒:这类从句常常用情态动词 may/might,can/could,should 等,以保证语气通顺自然。,6结果状语从句 由 so that,so.that,such.that 等引导。 特别提醒:so.that 与 such.that 的区别在于:前者的省略号处是形容词或副词,而后者的省略号处最终是一个名词。“最终”的意思是,该名词前也可以出现形容词甚至出现修饰形容词的副词,但整个词组的中心词是这个名词。,7让步状语从句 由 though,although,even if,even though,however,no matter how/what/who 等引导。注意对让步状语从句的掌握要注意以下几点内容: (1)使用 though,although 时,务必避免与 but 连用,但可以与 yet 连用。 (2)even if,even though 和 as if,as though 不同。后者常常要求使用虚拟语气。,8比较状语从句 由 than,the more.the more.,as.as 引导。 比较状语从句中,than后可以直接跟谓语动词。这类从句一般用来表示程度或范围。 9方式状语从句 由 in the same way,as 等引导。 特别提醒:在真实条件句中,从句动词应该用一般现在时代替一般将来时,用现在完成时代替将来完成时。,二、名词性从句 1引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连接词:that,whether,if(不充当从句的任何成分) 连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which 连接副词:when,where,how,why 不可省略的连词: (1)介词后的连词,(2)引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词。例如: That she was chosen monitor made us very happy. 比较:whether 与 if 均意为“是否”。但在下列情况下,whether 不能被 if 取代: whether 引导主语从句且在句首,如: Whether he will come is not clear. 引导表语从句、同位语从句 whether 从句做介词宾语 从句后有or not,2主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 (1)it做形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较 it做形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词 that。被强调部分指人时也可用 who/whom。例如: It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window.,(2)用it做形式主语的结构 It is名词从句 It is a fact that.事实是 It is common knowledge that.是常识 It形容词从句 It is strange that.奇怪的是 It不及物动词从句 It seems that.似乎 It happens that.碰巧 It is过去分词从句 It is reported that.据报道 It has been proved that.已证实,(3)主语从句不可位于句首的几种情况 it 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 It is said/reported that.结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: It is said that the president will visit our school next week.() That the president will visit our school next week is said.(),It happens that/It occurs that.结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.() That he failed in the examination occurred to him. () It doesnt matter how/whether.结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not.() Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.() (4)what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,而 that 则不然。例如: What you said yesterday is right. That she is still alive is a consolation.,3宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中做宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。 (1)做动词的宾语 由 that 引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略),例如: I heard that he joined the army. 由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句,例如: She did not know what had happened. I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 动词间接宾语宾语从句,例如: She told me that she would accept my invitation.,(2)做介词的宾语,例如: Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. (3)做形容词的宾语,例如: I am afraid(that) Ive made a mistake. (4)it 可以做形式宾语 it 不仅可以做形式主语,还可以做形式宾语,而真正的宾语 that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如: We heard it that she would get married next month.,(5)后边不能直接跟that从句的动词 这类动词有 allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive 等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词做宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如: I admire their winning the match.() I admire that they won the match.() (6)不可用 that 从句做直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that从句”结构中,常见的有 envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,advise,congratulate 等。例如: He impressed the manager as an honest man.() He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.(),(7)否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为 think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine 等,且主语为第一人称,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如: I dont think this dress fits you well.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。,4表语从句 表语从句是指在复合句中做表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的系动词有 be,look,remain,seem 等。另外,常用的还有 the reason is that.和 It is because.等结构。例如: The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. This is why we cant get the support of the people. But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.,5同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中做名词的同位语的名词性从句。 (1)同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对名词作进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由 that 引导。例如: The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. (2)同位语从句在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如: He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.,(3)同位语从句与定语从句的区别 定语从句中的 that 既可代替先行词,同时可以在从句中做某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的 that 是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述名词的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如: The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。(定语从句,第一个 that 在句中做told 的直接宾语。) The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。(同位语从句,that 在句中不做任何成分),三、定语从句 高考题设置此考点时,主要是考查关系词的选择。关系词在定语从句的构成里是至关重要的。我们甚至可以说,掌握不好关系词就无法做成定语从句,也无法理解文中带有定语从句部分的意思。定语从句中的关系词只有两类:关系代词和关系副词,没有连词。也就是说,定语从句中的所有关系词不但都有具体的意义而且都在从句中担任一定的成分。 1关系代词:who,whom,whose,which,that 等。 (1)who 用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词,并且在从句中做主语;在现代英语里,也可取代 whom 在从句中做动词的宾语。例如: I have no idea about the man who wrote the article. 我不认识写这篇文章的人。,(2)whom 用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词,并且在从句中做动词或介词的宾语。在现代英语里,如果 whom 在从句中做动词的宾语,它与 who 可以通用;但是如果 whom 在从句中做介词的宾语,那么就只能用 whom 而不能用 who 了。当然,如果在口语或非正式文体中,介词没有提前,也就没有这点要求了。例如: Who is the girl whom(who)you talked to just now? 刚才和你说话的那个女孩子是谁? (3)whose 用于代替“表示人或物意义”的先行词,在从句中做定语,往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。whose 常表达“某人的、某物的”之意。例如: Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate? 你知道她的哥哥与你同寝室的那位女孩的名字吗?,(4)that 既用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词,也可用于代替“表示事物意义”的先行词;在从句中既可以做主语,也可以做谓语动词的宾语,但是不能做介词的宾语。在一定范围内,thatwho/whom/which。例如: Views that(which)are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept. 那些全新的或是来自国外的观点或许也很难被接受。 要点提示:(1)定语从句中做宾语的关系代词可以省略,例如: This is the book(which)you were looking for yesterday.这就是你昨天找的那本书。,(2)定语从句中,关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。例如: Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon. 提示:one of复数名词关系代词复数型动词 the(only)one of复数名词关系代词单数型动词 The Great Wall is one of the worldfamous buildings that draw lots of visitors. Titanic is the(only)one of the most wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.,(3)关系代词 that 和 which 的区别:that 和 which 在一般情况下都可以用于代替“表示事物意义”的先行词,在从句中做主语、宾语。但在下列情况下一般只用 that 而不用 which: 先行词本身是 all,everything,something,nothing,anything 等不定代词时,例如: Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy. 任何能够燃烧的东西都是热能源。,先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或 the last,the only 等做定语时,例如: This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before. 这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。 当先行词表示事物意义,并且在从句中做介词的宾语时,那么就只能用 which。当然,如果在口语或非正式文体中,介词没有提前,也就没有这点要求了。例如: The world in which we live is made of matter. 我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。,在非限制性定语从句中,当关系词表示事物意义时,只能用 which。这是语法所规定的,没有任何解释。例如: The sun heats the earth,which makes it possible for plants to grow. 太阳给予地球热量,这就使植物的生长成为可能。 (4)非限制性定语从句(as作为关系代词引导非限制性定语从句时,as 是指全句。也就是说,将整个主句看成一件事或是一个事实;并对其进行补充、说明。这种非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。) As I know, she hasnt got married. 如我所知,她还未结婚。 They won the first place in the game,as could be expected.可以预料,他们在比赛中得了第一。,2关系副词 关系副词:when,where,why。在定语从句中,关系副词介词which。也就是说,每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词:when在什么时候,where在什么地方,why是什么原因。至于在英文中用哪个具体的介词,就得依具体情况而定。 (1)when 代替表示时间的名词,而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语,在从句中充当状语,例如: People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland. 人们会永远记住香港和澳门回归祖国的那一时刻。 He came at a time when we needed help. 他在我们需要帮忙的时候来了。,(2)where 代替表示地点的名词,而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语,在从句中充当状语。例如: The place where were to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet. 我们举行演讲比赛的地点还未定下来。 (3)why 代替表示原因的名词,而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语,在从句中充当状语。例如: He didnt tell her the reason why he was so happy. 他没有告诉她为什么他那么高兴的原因。,3介词关系代词 在这种结构中,关系代词若是表示人的意义,就只能用 whom;关系代词若是表示事物的意义,就只能用 which。而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题,因为这个问题的解决取决于多种因素:A)动词与介词的搭配;B)名词与介词的搭配;C)形容词与介词的搭配,等等。总之,要依从句的具体需要而定。例如: (1)动词与介词的搭配 He has found a good job for which he is qualified.(qualify名词for“使具有资格”)他找到了一份他能胜任的工作。,(2)名词与介词的搭配 They are still living in the little house in which theyve been lived for 15 years. 他们现在还住在他们已住了15年的那个小房子里。 (3)形容词与介词的搭配 The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficiency.(be happy with“对表示满意”) 老板对其不满意的那个秘书将由于她没有工作效率而被解雇。,高考真题再现,1(2009山东卷)Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. Awho Bwhich Cwhen Dthat 解析:句意:“不管我何时遇见她,她都用甜甜的微笑迎接我,这是常事儿。”which引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面的句子。 答案:B,2(2009北京卷)What do you think of teaching, Bob? I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting. Awhere Bwhich Cwhen Dthat 解析:句意:鲍勃,你认为教书怎么样?我觉得不仅有趣而且具有挑战性。它是一份严谨而有趣的工作。此题考查定语从句。先行词是a job,把先行词带入从句为:in the job you are doing something serious but interesting,此时wherein which,故选A。 答案:A,3(2009北京卷)At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see _ it got any better. Awhen Bhow Cwhy Dif 解析:句意:“一开始他不喜欢这份新工作,但还是决定给自己几个月的时间来看一看是否情况会有好转。”此题考查宾语从句,从句中不缺少时间、地点、原因,排除A、B、C三项。D项表示“是否”,符合题意。 答案:D,4(2009天津卷)It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future. Aas Bwhich Cwhether Dthat 解析:句意:“显然,学生们应该为他们的未来做好充分的准备。”that引导主语从句,在从句中不做句子成分,it是形式主语。as引导定语从句或状语从句;which引导名词性从句时,意为:哪个(些);whether是否,在此句中如用此词,则语义矛盾。 答案:D,5(2009宁夏,海南,全国卷)Could I speak to _ is in charge of International Sales please? Awho Bwhat Cwhoever Dwhatever 解析:句意:“我能跟主管国际销售的人谈谈吗?”根据句意应该是跟人交谈,故排除B、D两项。而A项指具体确定的某人;C项表示不确定的某人,相当于anyone who/that,这里应该不是特指的确定的某人,故选C。 答案:C,6(2009浙江卷)Is there any possibility _ you could pick me up at the airport? No problem. Awhen Bthat Cwhether Dwhat 解析:句意:你到机场来接我行吗?没问题。that引导同位语从句,说明possibility的内容。 答案:B,7(2009陕西卷)Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. Aof which Bwith which Cabout which Dinto which 解析:句意:“枪支控制是美国人争论了很长时间的一个话题。”此题考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。先行词为subject,带入定语从句后为:Americans have argued about the_subject for a long time.由此可知,先行词在定语从句中做about的宾语,介词about提前,故用关系代词which。 答案:C,8(2009湖南卷)_ the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact proof about it, they could not arrest him. AAlthough BAs long as CIf only DAs soon as 解析:句意:“虽然警察认为他最有可能是罪犯,但没有确凿的证据,他们不能逮捕他。”句子前后的逻辑关系为转折关系。 答案:A,9(2009重庆卷)Peter was so excited _ he received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing. Awhere Bthat Cwhy Dwhen 解析:句意:“当Peter的朋友邀请他来重庆时,他很是兴奋。”此题考查状语从句,只有when引导的时间状语从句符合题意。 答案:D,10(2009陕西卷)My parents dont mind what job I do _ I am happy. Aeven though Bas soon as Cas long as Das though 解析:句意:“我的父母不在乎我从事什么样的工作,只要我高兴就好。”本题考查状语从句。as long as引导条件状语从句,意为“只要”。as soon as一就;even though虽然,尽管;as though好像。 答案:C,名校模拟演练,1(2010江西师大附中)_ the Internet is bridging the distance between people, it may also break some families or cause other family problems. AWhen BIf CWhile DSince 解析:考查状语从句。while置于句首,引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然,尽管”。语意:因特网虽可拉近人与人之间的距离,但也可能破坏一些家庭或者引起其他家庭问题。 答案:C,2(2010临川一中)Is this hotel which offered you a job _ you stayed the first time you arrived here? Awhich Bin which Cthat Dwhere 解析:考查表语从句。此句主语是this hotel, which offered you a job是定语从句修饰主语;后面跟了一个表语从句,其谓语stayed为不及物动词,因此用where来引导。语意为:给你提供工作的这个宾馆是你第一次到这儿时住的地方吗? 答案:D,3(2010南师附中学情分析)Chinas new food law provides for a food recall(召回) system _ producers have to stop production if their food isnt up to standards. Awhere Bthat Cwhen Dwhich 解析:考查定语从句。在从句中,句子的主干结构是完整的,不缺少句子成分,排除B、D选项。再依据句意,该处限定修饰的是system的具体情况,因此A项正确。 答案:A,4(2010临川一中)_ medicine works in a human body is a question _ not everyone can understand fully. AHow; that BThat; which CWhat; which DWhat; that 解析:how在句中引导主语从句;that引导定语从句,修饰限定question。语意为:药物是如何作用于人体的,这个问题并不是每个人都能完全理解的。 答案:A,5(2010甘肃天水一中)Bungee jumping is an adventurous sport, popular with young adults,

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