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Φ350真空练泥机的设计[含8张CAD图纸和说明书全套打包]

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　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　摘要

　　　随着机械制造技术的进步，人们对练泥技术的要求也越来越高。常规型单轴式真空练泥机制品的质量有所提高。但由于常规型单轴式真空练泥机存在许多的不足，如今发展多轴式真空练泥机已成为时代发展的潮流。

　　　真空练泥是为了将用于滚压的泥料搅拌均匀，让水分分布均匀，抽出泥料中包裹的空气，让压制的产品更加匀实。本文在查阅了国内外关于真空练泥技术的基础上，针对设计任务要求，进行了真空练泥机的设计。首先，进行了总体方案的设计、分析和确定。本课题设计的练泥机采用的是双轴真空练泥机。其次，以真空练泥机上加料系统、挤制系统和真空系统为主线，对练泥机展开了详细的设计。

　　　总体上看，所设计的真空练泥机。结构比较简单，有较好的进料特性、输送特性、良好的抽真空性能，而且，生产效率也较高。

关键词：练泥技术双轴真空练泥机加料系统挤制系统真空系统

　　　　　　　　　　　　ABSTRACT

　　　With advances in technology, machinery manufacturing, people pug technical requirements are also increasing. Conventional vacuum practicing uniaxial product quality has improved mud mechanism. However, since the conventional single-axis vacuum pug mill there are many shortcomings, and now the development of multi-axis vacuum pug mill has become the trend of the times.

　　　Vacuum pug is to be used for rolling the mud Stir and let the water distribution, air parcels out of mud compound, so that the product is more uniform pressing reality. Based on a domestic and international basis with respect to the vacuum pug technology, for the design task requirements, vacuum pug mill design. First, the design, analysis, and determine the overall program. This topic clay extruder design uses a dual-axis vacuum pug mill. Secondly, the vacuum pug mill feeding system, extrusion and vacuum systems as the main line of pug mill launched a detailed design.

　　　Overall, the design of the vacuum pug mill. Structure is relatively simple, there is a good feeding characteristics, transport properties, good vacuum performance, and production efficiency is higher.

KEYWORDS: pug technology dual-axis vacuum pug mill feeding system extrusion system vacuum system

1 绪论 5

1.1 真空练泥机的概述 5

1.2 真空练泥机的工作原理 5

1.3 真空练泥机的主要结构 8

1.4 真空练泥机国内外研究现状 9

1.5 本课题设计的目的及任务 10

2 真空练泥机整体方案的设计 11

2.1 真空练泥机技术参数的确定 11

2.2 真空练泥机整体结构方案的确定 11

3 传动系统的设计与计算 14

3.1 加料传动系统的设计 14

3.2 挤制传动系统的设计 20

3.3 螺旋推进器的设计 26

3.4 机头、机嘴的设计 27

3.5 筛板的设计 28

4 练泥机真空系统的设计 29

4.1 真空泵的设计 29

4.2 真空室的设计 30

4.3 滤气器的设计 30

5 结论 32

6 经济分析报告 33

致谢 35

参考文献 36

绪论

1.1 真空练泥机的概述

　　　为了消除压滤机泥饼的各组分分布不均匀和含有气泡等缺陷，一般是用真空练泥机对泥料进行加工，泥料经真空练泥机加工后，各组分的分布趋于均匀，结构比较致密，泥料的可塑性和干燥强度都有提高。

　　　真空练泥机可安装如下分类方式进行分类：

　　　1、按用途真空练泥机分为：

　　　1）普通练泥机：对泥料混合、搅拌、运送；

　　　2）真空练泥机：对泥料进行制备和脱气；

　　　3）真空挤泥机：对泥料进行制备并挤压成型；

　　　4）真空喂泥机：为自动成型生产线定量喂泥。

　　　2、按练泥级数、螺旋轴多少和布置形式分为：

　　　1）练泥机级数有单级的、双级的，每级内的螺旋轴有单轴、双轴的。

2）螺旋轴的布置有水平式和垂直式。当练泥机挤出螺旋轴线是水平布置的，称卧式练泥机；当挤出螺旋轴线是垂直布置的，称立式练泥机

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加料电机减速器装配图-A0.png

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内容简介：: 1景德镇陶瓷学院本科生毕业设计350 真空练泥机使用说明书2目录1真空练泥机结构概述.32真空练泥机技术参数.43真空练泥机的安装.54真空练泥机试车前的检查.55真空练泥机的试车.56真空练泥机的使用规程.67真空泵的操作程序.68真空泵的注意事项.79真空练泥机常见故障及排除方法.710 真空泵常见故障及排除方法 .831 1 真空练泥机结构概述真空练泥机结构概述1、传动部分多轴式真空练泥机的传动形式分为：集中驱动：指电动机通过联轴器或离合器经齿轮减速器带动上轴和下轴转动，结构紧凑，占地面积小，但运动链较长，装配和维修较困难，多用于中小型真空练泥机。分散驱动：指上、下轴的运转分别由两台电动机和两套传动机构驱动，操作比较灵活，多用于大型真空练泥机，可采用效率高、体积小、重量轻的行星摆线针轮减速器直接驱动上、下轴。2、搅泥部分由加料槽、搅泥螺旋、梳子板、挤泥筒等组成，作用是原泥喂入、破碎、搅拌混合、输送，最后将初练的泥料挤压入真空室，并从用泥料本身形成对真空室的密封。在加料槽内壁的螺旋绞刀向上转的一侧安装梳子板，以阻止泥料随绞刀转动，并把泥料挡回进料槽内。不连续螺旋刀片按截面形式不同，可分为矩形截面刀片和六角形截面刀片两种。矩形截面的刀片容易制造，有刀片粘泥现象；六角形截面刀片使用效果好，但制造较困难。3、挤泥部分由连续螺旋绞刀、挤泥筒、机头和机嘴等组成。1)连续螺旋绞刀有圆柱形或圆锥形，作用除了输送泥料外，还能对泥料进行捏练、混合和挤压。螺旋面各点的升角是不同的，外缘的螺旋升角最小，与轴毂联接处螺旋升角最大。螺旋升角的最大值与最小值之差称为侧滑角，使螺旋槽中的泥料有沿着半径向远心方向滑动的趋势。通常螺旋升角指平均半径处的螺旋升角。螺旋叶片的断面形状根据螺旋面母线倾角的不同情况，叶片的断面形状有三种，其中Pn为正压力，P1 、P2 、P3为轴向、周向和径向分力。2) 挤泥筒1、挤泥筒的作用：应保证落入真空室的泥料被顺利地输送至挤出螺旋处。2、挤泥筒的结构：一般采用铸铁制成，内壁都开有轴向凹槽。为方便装拆维4修，常将挤泥筒分节制造，再用法兰盘联接。挤泥筒内壁和螺旋绞刀的径向间隙是影响练泥机工作的重要因素。对于塑性良好、含水量高的泥料，间隙应当小些；对于塑性较差、含水量低的泥料，间隙可大些，该间隙一般要求是不大于 3mm5mm，挤泥筒的工作长度一般取 L=（2.53）h。3、挤泥筒的形状（1）、圆柱形：制造容易，在输送泥料时阻力小。易出现回泥现象，并造成泥料产生层裂。（2）、圆锥形：对泥料有压紧和揉练作用，但泥料在移动时阻力大，使之发热，影响出泥。（3）、圆柱、圆锥组合式：上述两种形状的折衷方法，多用。本设计采用第三种方法制作。采用Q235钢板制作。具体结构详见零件图。3) 机头机头的形状: 为空心筒体机头的作用：螺旋运动、轴向流动；改善泥料质量(练泥后的处理消除缺陷)；保证泥料受压(进一步揉练、挤压致密)；准备出泥(过渡)。其形状有：由圆柱形和圆锥形两部分组合的机头：适用于挤制直径比绞刀小得多的泥段。鼓形机头：用于挤制直径大于或接近于绞刀直径的泥段。本设计采用鼓形机头进行制作。具体结构详见附件图。4) 机嘴机嘴的作用：挤出泥料(切割成泥段)，使之符合规定，且致密均匀，缺陷最少，阻力小。使挤出的泥段具有一定的形状、尺寸和密度。对锥形机嘴有如下经验数据：锥角 2040，L（11.5）D，lL/3；也有采用板式机嘴的，便于更换挤制泥料的截面尺寸。机嘴的结构采用锥形机嘴。2 2 真空练泥机技术参数真空练泥机技术参数生产能力：4 6t/h加料部分铰刀转速：18r/min出料铰刀转速：18r/min挤出刀直径：350mm。5加料电机：Y280M-8三相异步电动机，其异步转速为740r/min，电机功率为45KW。挤出电机：Y160L-8三相异步电动机，满载转速为720r/min，螺旋轴的转速：=18r/min。wn加料减速器：上海尊翔减速机有限公司生产的“F平行轴标准圆柱齿轮减速器” ， FA107减速器。输入功率为45KW，速比为20.5。挤出减速器：上海尊翔减速机有限公司生产的“F平行轴标准圆柱齿轮减速器” ，FA77减速器。输入功率为7.5KW，速比为20。3 3 真空练泥机的安装真空练泥机的安装1、挤出螺旋主轴要和机筒同心，不得有任何卡阻现象；2、真空室密封要可靠；3、加料螺旋主轴转动时，不得有任何卡阻现象；4、全部传动齿轮正常啮合，所有传动件无异常，润滑良好；5、对分段安装的螺旋组件，各段的衔接部位均应圆滑过渡；6、抽真空系统要安装准确，泵及相关仪表等要有合格证。4 4 真空练泥机试车前的检查真空练泥机试车前的检查1、加料槽、真空室及机筒内杂物应除尽；2、进行设备外观和电气检查；3、各传动件及轴承的润滑状况；4、整机的动、静密封检查；5、抽真空系统，包括真空泵及各元件、管道的密封检查；6、加料、挤出用主轴是否窜动。；5 5 真空练泥机的试车真空练泥机的试车1、先点动无误，再点动运转，同时查各电气控制的灵敏度及离合器的可靠性；62、在手动、点动确认无故障后，再开机连续空转 2 小时，无异常杂音和发热；3、见到泥段从机嘴挤出时，方可开动泵，让抽真空系统运行，真空室真空度要保持在 720mmHg 以上。6 6 真空练泥机的使用真空练泥机的使用规程规程1、检查练泥机和泥料真空处理装置的完好情况，按使用说明书的规定对各润滑点加足润滑油；2、开动真空泵，待真空表达到规定的真空度读数后，方可启动练泥机(先开挤出螺旋用电机，再开加料螺旋用电机)；3、如真空练泥机有离合器装置，应先使离合器处于分离状态下开动电机，待电机启动后，才能合上离合器，驱动练泥机；4、加料时要均匀且量不宜过多(以真空室不堵泥为限)；5、开始挤出的泥段未经完善的真空处理，不能使用，要重新加入辊槽内。练泥机在工作过程中，应经常对挤出的泥料切片作质量检查，以保证泥料中没有气孔、裂纹和夹层等缺陷，并能使泥料的含水量合乎工艺要求。6、应经常检查筛板出泥情况(如堵泥应卸下清理)、轴承和机壳的温升情况，注意齿轮啮合的声响，发现不正常现象，应立即停机检查和修理。7、发现挤泥筒过分发热或真空度达不到要求时，应及时停机检查。8、练泥机停机前应先停止加料，待机中泥料尽可能都挤出后，方可停机，以减小下次启动时的载荷。9、练泥机停止后，关闭真空泵，盖上加料槽的盖子，用湿布包住机嘴。7 7 真空泵的操作程序真空泵的操作程序1、本机外壳必须接地，并保持良好的接触，以保证操作人员的安全，特别是包装含水份的物品时，更需注意接地情况。2、根据机器标明的电源要求，接能相应电源，一般单室机型采用 AC220V/50HZ3、机器应水平安装，周围环境无腐蚀性气体，总保持通风良好。4、开机前应按真空泵使用说明所规定的要求，加注真空泵专用机油至油窗高度的 1/2，但也不可多。75、按设定各项参数选择合适的抽气时间，抽气时间越长真空度越高。7、确认上述调整工作已经正确无误，真空泵开始工作。8、真空泵对工作室开始抽气，系统产生负压，上盖自动被吸住。8 8 真空泵的注意事项真空泵的注意事项1、真空泵运转时，其油位高度应为油窗高度的 3/4 为宜，如低于 1/2 油窗高度，应及时加注高速真空泵油，油位过高或过低均对真空泵电机造成不利。2、机器因为水平放置，环境地点要通风良好，周围无腐蚀性气体、及较大灰层。3、机器必须安装保护接地线，并经常检查连接点是否接触良好，以保障人生安全。4、机器工作前必须将加热时间及加热温度设置在合适的位置，应掌握从低到高的原则，切不可一下子将热封时间及热封温度设置得很长或过高，以免烧坏电热部件或聚四氟乙烯封口漆布。5、上盖压下时，真空泵即可开始工作，此时如果上盖尚未吸合到位，用户应在稍用力将上盖用手压下。6、经常检查封口部件的聚四氟乙烯漆布表面是否有异物、或不平整，以确保封口质量，如有损坏应及时更换。7、如需单独作程序运行或真空度测验时，可将温度选择开关置于 0 档，此时加热部分停止工作，以利于封口袋等部件不受损。8、机器工作时遇紧急情况，按急停按钮，机盖可自行打开。9、机器工作结束后，应切断总电源。9 9 真空练泥机常见故障及排除方法真空练泥机常见故障及排除方法故障现象产生原因排除方法1.绞刀与机壳的间隙由于磨损而增大，造成泥料大量回流；1.修理绞刀和机壳衬套，减小间隙；2.筛板堵塞；2.拆下筛板清理；3.加料量不足；3.适当增大进料量；生产能力下降4.泥料过干。4.适当搭配加入部分含水量较高的泥料。真空室堵塞1.由于间隙过大，泥料大量回流到真空室；1.修理绞刀和机壳衬套，减小间隙；82.出料部分绞刀输送能力降低；2.修理或调整绞刀、压料滚筒或梳子板；3.泥料水分不均匀。3.加料时注意干湿泥料的均匀搭配。1.泥料大量回流；1.按上面有关办法处理；2.绞刀叶片之间夹有大块异物；2.拆机清除；泥料发热3.泥料过干，与绞刀转速不适应3.适当搭配或降低绞刀转速。1.真空泵性能变差；1.检查真空泵；2.真空装置大量漏气。2.查出漏气的地方予以修复；真空度降低3.滤气器过滤介质太脏。3.清洗或更换过滤介质。1010 真空泵常见故障及排除方法真空泵常见故障及排除方法故障现象产生原因解决方法接触器损坏更换行程开关损坏或未到位更换或调整上、下盖未吻合在机盖上稍用力下压不能抽真空真空泵电机不良检查、更换管路连接部位松动检查真空室或电气阀漏气检查或更换管子泄漏更换真空室密封圈破损更换真空度不够抽真空时间不够延长时间真空室上盖不能打开放气电磁阀损坏或接触不良检查或更换热封选择开关处于 0 档重新设置封口变压器损坏更换封口电热部件烧断更换封口部分保险熔断更换封口时间继电器处于 0 档或损坏调整、更换不能封口封口时接触器接触不良或损坏调整、更换封口电磁阀未打开或损坏J检查气囊漏气更换封口时间或热风温度不合适重新设置封口处平面有污物清楚封口活动部分卡死或不灵活调整聚四氟漆布表面硬碳化、破损更换封口不良封口电热带皱折、变形更换封口部分冒烟封口平面有油污或其他残清除9留物封口时间过长或热风温度过高重新调整电器线路松动或接触不良检查、测试机器程序运行不正常时间继电器不良检查、测试外文原文：外文原文：Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) does this product compare with other companies existing similar products? (3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) product service is whether convenient? (5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, workers health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customers aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I n the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.中文译文：中文译文：机械设计理论机械设计理论机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。另一个重要问题，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。在开始阶段，设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商，并得到批准。这一般是通过口头讨论，草图和文字材料进行的。为了进行有效的交流，需要解决下列问题：（1）所设计的这个产品是否真正为人们所需要？（2）此产品与其他公司的现有同类产品相比有无竞争能力？（

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