Unit5翻译技巧--词义的选择与引申.ppt

Unit Five Translation Techniques (1) Selection and Extension,Techniques of translation refer to the experience that people have accumulated in their practice of translation. They include lots of skills in translation, such as selection of word meaning, extension of word meaning, conversion of parts of speeches and sentence structures, long sentence translation, paragraph and passage translation, translation of articles of different kinds of styles, etc.,Introduction to the techniques of translation,Translation techniques 1,A. Selection of Word Meanings 英语中一词多义的现象比较普遍。翻译时，要在许多不同的词义中选一个最确切的词义，才能使译文正确。词义选择一般从以下几个方面入手：,a. Select word meanings according to parts of speeches.,Translation techniques 1,1. Microprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars. (v.) 2. The patient was connected to a television wave monitor. (n.) 3. He likes making chemical experiments. (v.),微机检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。,病人情况通过波形监视器监视。,他喜欢做化学实验。,4. Like charges repel each other, unlike charges attract. (adj.) 5. Like the human brain, a computer also has a memory where it can store vast quantities of information. (prep.) 6. I hope I can operate the machine like you do.( conj.) 7. All matters such as iron, water, air, and the like are made up of atoms. (conj.) 8. Like enough, the ship will arrive in port tomorrow. (ad.),Translation techniques 1,同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。,计算机像人脑一样， 也有一个能储存大量信息的存储器,我希望能像你一样操纵机器。,一切物质，例如铁、水、空气等，都是由原子构成的。,这艘船很可能明天进港。,1. The countrys industry has developed quickly in the last decade. 2. To develop the instrument, many experts were invited. 3. In developing the design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science. 4. In order to develop our power industry, we must produce more and more powerful generators.,Translation techniques 1,b. Select word meanings according to the context.,过去10年我国工业发展迅猛。,为了研制这种仪器请了很多专家。,在进行设计时工程师必须运用工程学和材料学方面的知识。,为了发展我国的电力工业， 我们必须生产越来越多的大功率 发电机。,5. Instruments capable of measuring most kinds of error automatically and methods of feeding the information back to the machines controls have been developed. 6. He is the last man to come. 7. He is the last man to do it. 8. He is the last person for such a job. 9. He should be the last (man) to blame. 10. He is the last man to consult. 11. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.,Translation techniques 1,能自动测量多种误差的仪器， 以及把信息反馈给机器控制机构的方法已经研制出来了。,他是最后来的。,他决不会干这种事。,他最不配干这工作。,怎么也不该怪他。,根本不宜与他商量。,我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。,1. Power can be transmitted over a long distance. 2. China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons although considered one of the nuclear powers. 3. 16 is the fourth power of 2. (27 is the third power of 3.) 4. What is the power of the engine?,Translation techniques 1,c. Select word meanings according to speciality.,电力可以远距离输送。,尽管中国是核大国， 但中国决不会首先使用核武器。,16是2的4次方。 （27是3的3次幂。）,这台电机的功率是多少？,1. high beam 2. high brass 3. high current 4. high explosive 5. high gear 6. high seas 7. high summer 8. high steel,Translation techniques 1,d. Select word meanings according to collocation.,远距离光束;远光灯,优质黄铜;硬黄铜,强电流,烈性炸药,高速档;高速齿轮,公海,盛夏,硬钢;高碳钢,9. To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years. 10. He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off. 11. Every material takes up space. 12. The electronic computers are taking over some of the tasks that were once accomplished by our own brains, but they are not replacing us.,Translation techniques 1,脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦， 但这已是多年以来的痛苦了。,他工作时总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起来的样子。,一切物质都占有空间。,计算机正在接替原来由人脑进行的某些工作，但是它们不 能代替人。,Translation techniques 1,B. Extension of Word Meanings,在翻译中人们常会遇到一些词或短语，无法直接搬用辞典中的释义。如果照搬，不但不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时要根据上下文的联系及其逻辑关系对词义加引申。词义的引申常有以下几种情况:,1. Public opinion demands that something should be done to end the strike. 2. The car in front of me suddenly stopped and I missed the green.,Translation techniques 1,一、抽象词语具体化,英语中常用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引申。,公众舆论要求采取措施结束罢工。,我前面的那辆车突然停了，我错过了绿灯。,在现代英语中，常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性，一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般可将其词义作为抽象化的引申，译文才能流畅、自然。 1. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 2. Everyone has rain and sunshine (roses and thorns) in their life.,Translation techniques 1,二、具体词语抽象化,帝国主义者的性格即残暴，又狡猾。,每个人的生活都有甜有苦。,3. See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.,Translation techniques 1,在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时 而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有 明朗化。,在翻译时，在译清原文的确切含义的基础上，按译语的搭配习惯，选择恰当的译语词汇对原文加以引申，并可以改变原文的结构和句式，译文只要忠实原文、通顺流畅即可。,Translation techniques 1,三、改换说法,1. During the first part of his life, Lincoln was a storekeeper and postmaster. 2. A network of highways was built from coast to coast. 3. He found that the mercury column measured the predicted height. 4. Jets are a new development in aviation. 5. The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting.,Translation techniques 1,林肯早年当过店主和邮政局长。,横跨大陆建筑了一个公路网。,他发现水银柱达到了预期的高度。,喷气式飞机是航空事业上的一个新成就。,死译：原材料与成品之间最短的距离是铸造。 引申译：铸造是原材料加工成成品的最简便方法。,6. The alternating current does not know such a disadvantage as the direct current does. 7. If iron is kept moist, rusting is rapid, which might lead us to think that water was the influence causing the corrosion.,Translation techniques 1,死译：交流电不知道直流电的这种缺点。,引申：交流电不存在直流电的这种缺点。,死译：如果保持潮湿，生锈就快，这可能使我们以为水是引 起腐蚀的影响。,引申：如果保持潮湿，生锈就快，这可能使我们以为水是引 起腐蚀的原因。,8. A creative person will almost never follow a set pattern in developing an idea. To do so would tend to structure his thinking and might limit the creation of possible solutions.,Translation techniques 1,死译：一个有创造性的人在形成一种想法时，决不会 按照一种固定不变的方式行事。这样就会构造他的思 想，限制创造出可能的解决方案。,引申：一个有创造性的人在形成一种想法时，决不会 按照一种固定不变的方式行事。这样就会束缚他的思 想，妨碍他找出各种解决方案。,在将英语译成汉语的过程中，我们必须忠实于原文的思想内容。作者的立场观点、语气、语调在语言上都会有所体现，在译成汉语时我们必须做出合适的传达。对于原文中本身就含有褒贬意义的，我们就应该把褒贬意义表达出来，而对于那些本身似为中性的词汇，我们必须根据上下文判断其褒贬而做出适应的表达。,Translation techniques 1,四、词义的褒贬,1. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. 2. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 3. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. 4. Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.,Translation techniques 1,约翰是个积极肯干的推销员，他工作干得很出色。（褒义）,希特勒夺取了政权之后就推行侵略政策。（贬义）,汉斯说，这位先生是他所见过的最有胆识的人。这种阿谀 奉承未免过于露骨。（贬义）,布朗先生接到作演讲的邀请时感到非常荣幸。（褒义）,5. It must have been this obvious aimlessness that led to my downfall. 6. I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation, and it confirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character. 7. I am a highly successful student with a brilliant academic record. 8. He was Kerry Rudman, 33, and no stranger to trouble.,Translation techniques 1,现在看来，一定是这种明显的毫无目的的游逛使我倒了霉。 （贬义）,这样一来，在他们眼里，我就像是非常熟悉这一套了，也 使他们更加确信我是一个地地道道的坏蛋。（贬义）,我是一个学业出众的高材生。（褒义）,他叫克里.拉德曼，33岁，惹事生非已不是一次了。（贬义）,9. Paula didnt need any lessons when it comes to office politics. 10. He was a man of high renown(fame). 11. His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 12. We were shocked by his coarse manners.,Translation techniques 1,说到办公室里明争暗斗的那一套，波拉可算是无师自通。 （贬义）,他是位有名望的人。（褒义）,他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来的。（贬义）,我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。（贬义）,assignment,Put the following into Chinese: 1. regular reading regular flights regular job regular visitor regular speed regular gasoline regular verb regular army,assignment,2. a. The days are past when we used foreign oil. b. There was no question that Benz had a respectable past. c. The warm Japanese Current flows past the coast. d. Tom walked past without noticing her. 3. a. He cuts his finger on the broken glass. b. A brook cuts that field. c. The cold wind cuts me to the bone. 4. a. In ancient times China made great discoveries. b. There are times when I didnt know what to do.,assignment,5. a. Tom offered to treat us to dinner. b. I was treated like a member of the family. c. This is my treat. Ill pay. d. The boss treats the workers like dirt. e. Her sons visits are a great treat for her. 6. The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era - the Industrial Age. Money had become King. 7. The leader spoke in praise of those who had died for their countries.,assignment,8. Parents are always ambitious for their children. 9. At that time no one watched out for Hitlers ambition. 10. The burning questions of my childhood had been richly answered.,Discussion of assignment,Put the following into Chinese: 1. regular reading regular flights 一般阅读 定期航班 regular job regular visitor 固定工作 常客 regular speed regular gasoline 均速;正常速度 普通汽油 regular verb regular army 规则动词 正规军,Discussion of assignment,2. The days are past when we used foreign oil. 使用洋油的日子已经一去不复返了。 There was no question that Benz had a respectable past. 毫无疑问奔弛有着辉煌的过去。 The warm Japanese Current flows past the coast. 日本暖流流过海岸。 Tom walked past without noticing her. 汤姆走过去， 没有注意到他。,Discussion of assignment,3. He cuts his finger on the broken glass. 碎玻璃划破了他的手指。 A brook cuts that field. 一条小溪流过田野。 The