《培根英文介绍》PPT课件.ppt

Francis Bacon,(1561-1626 ),Outline of the lecture,His life,Outline of the lecture,Section I: Introduction about Bacons life Section II: introduction about Bacons works Section III: introduction about Bacons theory and influence from 3 aspects part1: philosophy part2: Aesthetics part3: literature Section IV: play a video,Section I,Introduction about his life,Brief Introduction,Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was a British philosopher and scientist, he was known as “the British materialism and the entire modern experimental science the real ancestor.“ Author of “academic progress“ (1605) and “new tools“ (1620). Bacon sharply criticized the medieval Scholasticism that Scholasticism and theology seriously impede scientific progress, advocate a comprehensive transformation of human knowledge, the whole academic culture from Scholasticism liberation and realizing the great rejuvenation. He believes that science should pursue the things of nature and the reasons for the law. To achieve this goal, we must be based on sensory experiences.,He is the father of experimental philosophy, whose father had been Lord Keeper, and himself was a great many years Lord Chancellor under King James I. Nevertheless, amidst the intrigues of a Court, and the affairs of his exalted employment (Because of bribery and extortion he was sentenced by the House of Lords to pay a fine of about four hundred thousand French livres(里弗，法国古代的货币单位）to lose his peerage and his dignity of Chancellor.), which alone were enough to engross his whole time, he yet found so much leisure for study as to make himself a great philosopher, a good historian, and an elegant writer; and a still more surprising circumstance is that he lived in an age in which the art of writing justly and elegantly was little known, much less true philosophy. Lord Bacon, as is the fate of man, was more esteemed after his death than his lifetime. His enemies were in the British Court, and his admirers were foreigners.,A representative of the Renaissance in England. He lays the foundation for modern science. Lawyer Philosopher scientist essayist Statesman,Chinese version,培根被认为是现代科学时代的始祖。他是第一个意识到科学技木能够改造世界面貌的哲学家，热情支持实验科学研究。 l561年，培棍生于伦敦。他是英国伊丽莎白女王时代一 高级职员的长子。12岁入剑桥大学三一学院，但不久离开 那里，没有获得大学毕业证书。16岁开始工作，随英国驻注大使去巴黎在使馆工作过一段时间。18岁时父亲去世，没留下什么钱，培根被迫去上学学习法律。21岁开始从事律师业。23岁时被选为英国下议院议员。伊丽莎白女王向议会 提出增加税收计划，培根表示反对通过这个提案，女王因而讨厌培根，培根成了伊西克斯的朋友和参谋。 伊西克斯是个贪婪的贵族分子，同情培根，他决定发动反对伊丽莎白女王的政变。培根劝告他应该忠于女王，但伊西克斯不听，政变以失败而告终。因为培根在伊西克斯受审及被判死刑一案中起了某种作用，致使各阶层人民对培根有些不满情绪。,1603年，伊丽莎白女王去世，培根当上继任国王詹姆斯一世的顾问，虽然詹姆斯世没有受培根劝言的约束，但却很喜欢他。因此在詹姆斯一世执政期间，培根平步青云，节节高升，1617年担任掌玺大臣，1618年就任大法官，1620 年受封为子爵。 不期灾难降临了。培根被指控受贿，其实受贿在当时已是司空见惯，绝非新鲜，但培根在议会里的劲敌抓住这个机会，将他赶出了官场。培根对受贿供认不讳，被判在伦敦塔坐牢，交付大批罚金，终生禁止做官。但国王释放了他，免除了他的罚金，培根只不过丧失了政治生命。培根这样评论议会决定：“我是英国50年来最公正的法官，而议会对我的判决是200年来议会所作出的最公正的判决。”,培根的若干著作为他赢得了声誉。他的第一部著作论说文集发表于1597年。这部著作用辛辣评论风格写成，但却闪闪发光，引入入胜，在世界流传极广。即本精品文摘。 培根的最伟大的哲学著作之一名叫伟大的复兴。该著作包括6个部分，已完成的部分有：序言、新工具（对一种 新的逻辑方法的描述）、自然史和实验史概论组体现了作者某些观点及不同风格的科学和哲学沉思录 培根从1605年起开始写作，但没有完成的科学推进论 被认为是自亚里士多德时代以来最伟大的著作。,Personal trajectory of Bacon,Lord Keeper/ M.P. L ord of the Chancellor cen&philo Born 12 15 23 45 60 end,Section II,Introduction about Bacons works,Bacons Works,1. Philosophical: Advancement of Learning（论学术的进展 ） (1605 ) Novum Organum（新工具论） (1620 ) 2. Literary: Essays 论说随笔文集 (1625) The New Atlantics 新亚特兰蒂斯 3. Professional: Maxim of the Law 格言集 Reading on the Statute of Uses 阅读在法令的应用,The Advancement of Learning,a great tract on education In this Book , Bacon highly praises knowledge, refuting the objections to learning ；he answers the charge that learning is against religion. great significance ：in Bacons time, for he separates theology from scientific observations and experiments, thus making a great step forward in science.,Novum Organum (1620),Outstanding treatise（论述） written in Latin on methodology The argument is for the use of inductive method of reasoning in scientific study. Bacon advanced the necessity of accurate observation & experimentation Four types of false notions shows the new empirical（经验主义的） attitudes toward truth about nature.,Section III,Theory &Influence,“the real father of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general” -Marx,Part1: philosophy,2 continue,Bacons pholosophy emphasized the belief that people are the servants and interpreters of nature, that truth is not derived from authority, and that knowledge is the fruit of experience. He present us a new worldview of materialism, which break away from prejudice and obscuration of scholasticism and theologic（神学上的） basis.,Epistemology:认识论,Empiricism经验主义 1. a doctrine 教义 that all knowledge is based on experience 2. Sense & experience,John Locke: “ Essay concerning Human Understanding (1690),is the product of belief in experience as the exclusive basis of knowledge The first person to give Empiricism the systematic expression David Hume , (1711-1776), Scottish philosopher, in agreement with Bacon that knowledge must be gained empirically through observation, experience and experimentation,pointed out this weakness of induction（感应，归纳法）,Scientific methodology（科学方法论）: Inductive method（归纳法） /reasoning（推理） in scientific study. i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general Observation and experimentation Analytical method 分析法,methodology,1. In beauty, that of favor is more than of color; and that of decent and gracious motion more than that of favor. 2. Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and can not last; and for the most part it makes a dissolute youth, and an age a little out of countenance; but yet certainly again, if it lights well, it makes virtue shine, and vices blush. of beauty-Bacon Different from Pythagorean , Views: morality , internal beauty is combined with external beauty,Part 2: aesthetics美学,Architecture and Garden,pragmatism（实用主义）& pleasing to the eye Natural Beauty Hegel（黑格尔） “aesthetics”（美学） “the second nature”,1. he was the first English writer to pay attention to the audience to whom he was writing. 2.he wrote the greatest tracts on education in the English language, Advancement of Learning. 3. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.,part3 : literature,Bacons ideas of literature,Imagination fictional,memory,ration,Satisfy one s mind,Poetry,It suitable for express scientific truth and moral ideal,The excerpt of his famous article of studies,Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in private and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。 For expert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. 练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划， 则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。 .,They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。 Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。,Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. 读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。,Reading make a full man ； conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little ， he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse.(=Studies pass into and in