英语语言学课件Chapter 5 The Sounds of Languag.ppt

The Sounds of Language,Sure + Dead + Laugh = SEAPH (chef)? Sounds in English do not match up with letters of written English Phonetic alphabet: symbols to represent sounds How to represent consonant and vowel sounds of English words Human vocal tract involved in what way?,Phonetics,The general study of characteristics of speech sounds Articulatory phonetics: how speech sounds are made or articulated Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of speech sound waves “in the air” Auditory (perceptual phonetics: the perception via the ear of speech sounds Forensic phonetics: legal cases involving speaker identification and analysis of recorded utterances,Articulation,Lungs trachea (windpipe) larynx (vocal cords take two positions) mouth/nose Voiceless: vocal cords spread apart, air passes between them unimpeded Voiced: vocal cords drawn together, air repeatedly push them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect Z & V vs. S & F sounds,Place of Articulation,nasal cavity 鼻腔 Palate 上腭 Velum 缘膜、软腭 Uvula 悬雍垂, 小舌 Alveolar 齿槽音,Pharynx 咽 Tongue舌头 Vocal cords声带 Larynx 喉,Place of Articulation,Most consonant sounds are produced by using the tongue and other parts of the mouth to constrict, in some way the shape of the oral cavity through which the air is passing. Terms used to denote many sounds are those which denote the place of articulation of the sound: location inside the mouth, at which the constriction takes place,Bilabials 双唇音,Sounds formed using both (bi-) upper and lower lips (-labia) p - voiceless: pat b m - voiced: bat, mat w: way, walk and world,Labiodentals唇齿音,Formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip f: voiceless; eg. fat, safe, laugh, cough, photo v: voiced; eg. vat, save,Dentals 齿音,Formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth (Inter-dental) voiceless; thin, bath, three, teeth, bath voiced; the, there, then, thus, feather bathe,Alveolars 齿龈音,Formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge, which is the rough, bony ridge immediately behind the upper teeth t, s: voiceless d, z, n: voiced Other alveolars: l &r,Alveo-palatals齿龈上腭音,Produced with the tongue at the very front of the palate, near the alveolar ridge sh - , voiceless: shout, shoe-brush ch - , voiced: child , voiced: treasure, pleasure , voiced: joke, gem, judge, George j as in you, yes. Produced with the tongue in the middle of the palate is called Palatal,Velars 软腭音,Further back in the roof of the mouth, beyond the hard palate is soft palate, velum. Sounds produced with the back of the tongue against the velum are velars. k, g, ,Glottals 声门音,Glottis is the space between the vocal cords in the larynx. When the glottis is open, but there is no manipulation of the air passing out through he mouth, the sound produced is represe