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Unit 1 词类和句子成分 一、词类 定义 词是能在口语或书面语中独立出现的最小语言单位,根据词的意义、句法作用和形式特征所做的分类叫做词类。 分类 英语共有十大词类,定义和例词如下:,名词:表示人或事物的名称的词。例如: 冠词:冠于名词前,说明名词含义的词。例如: 代词:代替名词或名词所有格的词。例如: 数词:表示数目或顺序的词。 例如: 动词:表示动作或状态的词。 例如:,desk, water, pupil, China,a, an, the,she, my, himself, this, any,first,ten, hundred,be, look, like, write, eat,green, brave, happy, young,hard, very, out, fast, away,and, or, but, if, while,at, for, before, with, over,oh, ah, well, why,名词分类,名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类 1. 普通名词:表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称.又可分为: (1)个体名词。如:cup,desk,student等。一般可数,有单复数之分 (2)集体名词。如:class,team,family等。一般可数,有单复数之分,(3)物质名词。如:rice,water,cotton等.一般不可数,没有单复数之分。 (4)抽象名词。如:love,work,life等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分,2. 专有名词:表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。 如:China,Newton,London等。,名词的数,可数名词的复数形式的构成规则 1. 一般情况下在名词的词尾加s,如:book books,pencil pencils. 2. 以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词加-es,其读音为iz。如:bus buses,box boxes,watch watches,dish dishes等。,3. 以-y结尾的名词: (1)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,把y改为i再加es,读音为iz,如:factory factories,company companies等。 (2)以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾,直接在词尾加-s,读音为z。如:key keys,wayways等。,4. 以-f和-fe结尾的名词: (1)变-f或-fe为v再加-es,读音为vz。如:Thief thieves,wife wives,half halves等。 (2)直接在词尾加-s,如:roof roofs,gulf gulfs,chief chiefs,proof proofs等。 (3)两者均可。如:handkerchief handkerchiefs或handkerchieves.,5. 以-o结尾的名词: (1)以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后直接加-es,读音为z。如:hero heroes,potato potatoes, tomato tomatoes等。,不规则名词的复数形式 1. 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如:man men,woman women,tooth teeth,foot feet,mouse mice,child children等。,2. 单复数形式相同。 如:sheep,deer,fish等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如:yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如:Chinese,Japanese,Swiss等。,3.以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如:Americans,Asians,Russians,Australians,Italians,Germans等。 注意:Englishman -Englishmen,Frenchman -Frenchmen.,3. 复合名词的复数形式: (1)在词末加-(e)s,如afternoons, housewives等。 (2)把主体名词变成复数形式。如:lookers-on(旁观者),passers-by(过路人)等。,(3)由man或woman作为第一部分的复数名词,两个组成部分皆变为复数形式。 如: man driver men drivers woman doctor women doctors 等。,动词,定义 动词是表示动作或状态的词。 分类 根据词义和在谓语中所起的作用,动词可以分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。其定义具体如下:,实义动词: 具有完整的意义,可独立做谓语。 如: 系动词:表示谓语关系的动词,其后须接表语,常见系动词有: 助动词:本身一般无词义,主要帮助构成谓语,表示各种时态、语态、语气,或构成否定和疑问形式等。助动词主要有:,break,touch,read,be,become, remain,seem,feel,sound等。,be,do,shall (should),have,will (would)等。,情态动词:表示说话者对某种动作或状态的看法或态度,如表示可能、劝告、命令等情态。不能单独在句子中做谓语,只能与动词原形一起构成谓语。 情态动词有:,can,could,will,would, may,might,must,shall,should, need,ought to, dare,used to。,实义动词,根据在句中的功用,实义动词可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。 及物动词:它们不可以单独用,后面必须跟宾语。 False: They always want after lunch. Right: They always want a cup of tea after lunch. False: He is sending now. Right: He is sending a letter now.,不及物动词:它们可以单独用,如果后面想接宾语,动词后面必须加上介词。如: Right: He is looking around. False: He is looking me. Right: He is looking at me. Right: He is listening carefully. False: He is listening the teacher carefully. Right: He is listening to the teacher carefully.,动词的基本形式,绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式:动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。如: 原形 第三人称单数 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 walk walks walked walked walking run runs ran run running sing sings sang sung singing write writes wrote written writing hit hits hit hit hitting swim swims swam swum swimming,A. 第三人称单数形式的构成 一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词后要加s或es,其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同: 1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s,如workworks, writewrites。 2. 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词,后加es,如guessguesses, mixmixes, finishfinishes, catchcatches。 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,改y为ies,如studystudies。 注:不规则变化的有havehas, beis, gogoes, dodoes等。,B. 现在分词的构成 1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing,如studystudying, workworking。 2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e再加ing,如writewriting, movemoving。 3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词,要双写末尾一个辅音字母,再加ing,如getgetting, beginbeginning。 4. 以ie结尾的名词,一般将ie改为y,再加ing,如lielying, diedying, tietying。 注:(A) 以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如controlcontrolling;尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如traveltraveling(美) /travelling(英) 。(B) 特例:picnicpicnicking。,C. 过去式和过去分词的构成 1. 一般情况直接加ed,如askasked, workworked。 2. 以不发音的e结尾,只加d,如loveloved, dancedanced。 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾,把y变为ied,如trytried, studystudied。 4. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词,先双末尾一个字母,再加ed,如stopstopped, permitpermitted。 注:(A) 以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如controlcontrolled;尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如travel traveled(美) /travelled(英) 。(B) 特例:picnicpicnicked。另外,还有很多动词的过去式和过去分词是不合乎上述规则的,需要熟记。,形容词,定义:形容词是表示事物的性质或特点、用来描述或修饰名词的词。 形容词的用法 形容词用来修饰名词或代词, 表示人或事物的性质, 状态,和特征的程度好坏与否。在句中作定语, 表语, 状语、宾语补足语、独立成分等。,如:She is a good student, and she works hard. (定语) 她是一个好学生,她学习努力。 This bike is expensive. (表语) 这辆自行车很贵。 Curious, he looked around for other guests. (状语) 由于好奇,他向四面看看还有什么别的客人。 Have you got everything ready for the meeting? (宾补) 你为这次会议做好准备吗? More important, she has got a steady job. (独立成分) 更重要的是她得到一份稳定的工作。,形容词的比较级和最高级,绝大多数形容词有三种形式,原级,比较级和最高级, 以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。 形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。 分为规则变化和不规则变化。,副词,定义:副词是修饰动词、形容词、其它副词及句子的词,通常用来表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。 分类:根据意义可分为: 时间副词 (now, then, before) 地点副词 (here, home, upstairs) 方式副词 (carefully, politely, angrily) 程度副词 (much, very, rather) 疑问副词 (how, when, why) 连接副词 (therefore, moreover, however, otherwise) 关系副词 (when, where, why修饰先行词) This is the place where I first met her. 这是我第一次见到她的地方。 注:副词比较等级形式的构成与形容词大致相同。,数词,定义 数词是表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。 分类 基数词:表示数目多少。如:one, two, three, four 序数词:表示顺序先后。如:first, second, third, fourth,代词,定义 代词是一种可替代名词和名词词组的词类。 分类 人称代词: I, we, you, he, she, it 物主代词:分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。如:第一人称单数 my mine 我的 第二人称单数 your yours 你的 第三人称单数his,his他的;her,hers她的;its,its它的 第一人称复数 our ours 我们的 第二人称复数 your yours 你们的 第三人称复数 their theirs 他们的、她们的、它们的,反身代词:myself, yourself,herself,itself,themselves, yourselves 相互代词:one another, each other Lets help each other. We help one another with the extra work in the summer. 指示代词:this, that, these, it, those, such 疑问代词:who, whose, what, which 关系代词:whom, whose, who, that, as 不定代词:some, someone, anyone, anything, nothing, everybody,冠词,定义 冠词是放在名词之前,用以说明名词所表示的人或事物。 分类 不定冠词:a,an (a用在辅音开头的单词前,an用在元音开头的单词前)如:a train, an apple 定冠词:the,介词,定义:介词又叫前置词,一般置于名词、代词或相当于名词的词之前。介词一般不重读,不单独在句中做任何句子成分,只表示它后面的词与其他句子成分的关系。 分类:简单介词:about,for,from,to,on 复合介词:into,onto,outside,upon,without 二重介词:from behind, until after, from among 短语介词:along with, on behalf of, owing to, in spite of, on account of(由于) 分词介词:regarding, including, concerning, considering,介词宾语:介词后面的名词/相当于名词的词 介词短语:介词和它的宾语构成 介词短语的作用:状语、定语、表语、宾补。 如: The novel is very popular among young people. 这部小说很受青年们的欢迎。(作状语) These are movies and videotapes in English. 这些是英语影片和录像带。(作定语) He was in his early thirties. 他有三十出头。(作表语) We found Jack in a rage. 我们看到杰克在生气。(作宾语补足语),连词,定义 连词在句子中不单独作句子成分,而只起连接单词、短语、从句或句子的作用,一般不重读。 分类 连词根据其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。 并列连词用以连接并列的词、短语和分句。例如:and, but, or, as well as, for , yet, hence, eitheror, however, not onlybut also, nor等。 从属连词用以引起从句。 例如:when, as long as, so that, while, in order that, because, even if, now that等。,感叹词,定义 感叹词是用来表示喜怒哀乐等感情或情绪的词,例如:oh, ah, well, why, hello等,句子成分,主语:一个句子所说明的主体,一般置于句首。可以担当主语的词有:名词、名词短语、起名词作用的其他词类、短语或从句等。如: He likes watching TV.他喜欢看电视。 Ten of you passed the exam. 你们当中10个人通过了考试。 The sun rises in the east. (名词) He likes dancing. (代词) Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. (动名词) To see is to believe. (不定式) What he needs is a book. (主语从句) It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. (It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语),谓语动词:是说明主语的情况(动作或状态)的句子成分,一般放在主语的后面。谓语动词可由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词加主要动词)构成。 They study hard every day. (由简单动词study构成) The plane took off at nine oclock.(由动词短语took off构成) I am dancing.(由助动词am和现在分词dancing构成) They asked me a question.(由简单动词asked构成) You can pass if you study hard.(由情态动词can和动词原形pass构成) They were beaten by our team.(由助动词were和过去分词beaten构成),表语:是用来说明主语特征、身份、状态等的句子成份。它通常放在系动词之后。可用作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。 He is a teacher.(名词) The book on the desk is his. (代词) Five and five is ten.(数词) He is asleep. (形容词) His father is in. (副词) The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词) To wear a flower is to say“Im poor, I cant buy a ring”.(不定式) The question is whether they will come. (表语从句),宾语:表示动作的对象,主要充当动作的承受者。一般放在及物动词的后面。可作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等。 I like China. (名词) He hates you. (代词) How many do you need? We need two. (数词) I enjoy working with you. (动名词) I hope to see you again. (不定式) Did you write down what he said? (宾语从句),定语:是用来说明名词或代词的品质与特征的单词、短语或从句。单词作定语时,一般放在其所修饰的名词之前;短语或从句作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后。可作定语的有形容词、名词、数词、代词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。Scott is a chemistry teacher.(名词) He is our friend. (代词) We belong to the third world. (数词) He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词) The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister(介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词) The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词) I have an idea to do it well. (不定式) You should do everything that I do. (定语从句),状语: 是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的句子成份。状语可表示时间、方式、地点、程度、目的、结果、原因、条件、让步、伴随状态等。可作状语的有副词、名词、数词、分词、不定式、介词短语、从句等。 I will go there tomorrow. (时间) The meeting will be held in the meeting-room.(地点) The meat went bad because of the hot weather(原因) He studies hard to learn English well.(目的) He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.结果 I like some of you very much. (程度) If you study hard, you will pass the exam.(条件) He goes to school by bike.(方式) Though he is young, he can do it well. (让步),宾语补足语和主语补足语: 有些及物动词除了带宾语外,还要跟宾语补足语用以补足宾语意义,从而使句子的意义完整。这样,宾语加宾语补足语的结构被称为复合宾语。而在这种结构的被动语态中,原宾语变成了主语,原宾语补足语也相应地变成了主语补足语,用以补足主语意义。可充当补足语的有形容词、名词、分词、动名词、不定式、介词短语、从句等。,宾语补足语,例如: We elected him monitor. (名词) We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. (名词) We will make them happy. (形容词) We found nobody in. ( 副词 ) Please make yourself at home. (介词短语) Dont let him do that. (省to不定式) His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式) Dont keep the lights burning. (现在分词) Ill have my bike repaired. (过去分词),主语补足语,例如: He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.,Unit 2 基本句型,英语的基本句型主要有五种: 1、主系表 2、主动 3、主动宾 4、主动宾宾 5、主动宾宾补,主系表,构成:主语+系动词+表语 系动词有: 1.表示特征和存在状态的:be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示状态延续的:remain, stay, keep, continue, stand; 3.表示状态变化的:become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; 如: Our English teacher is thirty years old. The cake tastes delicious. We feel used to living in big cities. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Their boss seems satisfied with the work. Deep water stays still.,主动,构成:主语+不及物动词 如: 1. The red sun rises in the east. 2. So they had to travel by air or boat. 3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus. 4. She sat there alone, reading a novel. 5. He came back when we were eating. 6.Weak buildings wi

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