毕业论文-《水浒传》之燕青形象探析.doc

本科生毕业论文 题 目 水浒传之燕青形象探析 姓 名 学 号 院 系 文学院 专 业 汉语言文学 指导教师 水浒传之燕青形象探析摘要：在水浒传中，燕青直到后半部才登台亮相，然而他一出现就惊艳全场，他是一个英俊潇洒、武艺高强、才华出众的英雄好汉，凭借智勇双全的本事，成为宋江最为得力的助手之一，在一系列故事中扮演了重要角色。燕青不负所托，圆满的完成了各项任务，可见燕青不仅本领高强，而且尽职尽责、忠心不二。但就是这样一个人物，却带着一担金银和皇帝“御笔免罪诏书”归隐田园，这是研究燕青形象不得不探讨的问题。燕青一身所集，实际是理想与现实的根本矛盾，是传统文化中儒家进取精神面临困境时产生的困惑。作者将其理想寄托在自己构筑的故事中，不自觉的展现了自己的矛盾与苦闷，正是这一点，使得小说中的人物更加真实亲切，也使得水浒传成为能够引发读者思考历史、探索现实的经典著作。本文将从燕青形象分析入手，探索燕青是怎样一个人物，为何要归隐江湖，进而思考作者如此安排的内因。关键词：燕青，理想，现实，矛盾 ABSTRACTIn theOutlaws of the Marsh,Yan Qingdid notdebutuntil the second halfpart of the novel,but his presence was impressive. He is a handsome, high talented hero. With both intelligent and courageous skill,Yan Qing became SongJiangs assistant,and play an important role ina series ofstories.Yan Qing havebeenaccomplishingcomplextasks.So we can know that Yan Qing not onlyskillful,andconscientious,loya.But He retired to the country with jewels,why? Thatsaveryimportantquestion. The author expressed by Yan Qing, is actually a fundamental contradiction between reality and ideal, is the enterprising spirit in the traditional culture predicament confusion. The author unconsciously show his contradiction and anguish,because of this,the characters in the novel more real and intimate. Thistoohasmade theOutlaws of the Marsh became a classic novel that can cause readers to think, to explore the reality of history. This paper will analysis the image of yanqing, to explore how a character is yanqing, why would he want to retire,and why would the author do this.Key words:Yan Qing, ideal, reality, contradiction水浒传是一部历经了时间洗淘的经典，自诞生以来就拥有庞大的读者群。其中塑造的大量经典文学人物，不仅备受读者喜爱，在文学史上也占有一席之地。水浒传以北宋末年宋江为首的农民起义军故事为蓝本。宋江的故事最早在出现在宋史等史料中，宋江等三十六人的名字和外号则出现在宋末元初人龚开的宋江三十六赞中。“青面兽”、“花和尚”、“武行者”、“石头孙立”等说话名目，杨志卖刀，晁盖等智劫生辰纲等故事在醉翁谈录、宣和遗事中也有了简要记载。简而言之，水浒故事在宋元之际便已广泛流传于间，水浒传的作者因此拥有丰富的素材，得以运用到其小说创作之中。水浒传到底是何人所作，历来众说纷纭。据记载大致可以判断：水浒先由罗贯中加工整理出一个大纲，然后施耐庵加以发挥创作。施耐庵的生平不详，只知道他是元末明初人，中过进士，也做过官，因为不能适应官场，便弃官还乡，闭门著述，这才有了水浒传这部伟大的小说。一 燕青形象分析在水浒传中，燕青直到后半部才登台亮相，然而他一出现就惊艳全场：“唇若涂朱，睛如点漆，面似堆琼。有出人英武，凌云志气，资禀聪明。仪表天然磊落，梁山上端的驰名。伊州古调，唱出绕梁声。果然是艺苑专精，风月丛中第一名。听鼓板喧云，笙声嘹亮，畅叙幽情。棍棒参差，揎拳飞脚，四百军州到处惊。人都羡英雄领袖，浪子燕青。”（明）施耐庵水浒传，人民文学出版社，1997年。燕青是个武艺高强的好汉，也是一个英俊潇洒的浪子。书中说，他浑身刺满花绣，会吹奏、弹奏各种乐器，也会唱歌跳舞；熟悉市井乡谈，见人说人话、逢鬼说鬼话。这样圆滑世故的本事，在梁山好汉中当真是无人能比。浪子一词，在不同的时代、不同的语境中有不同的解释，一般理解为不务正业的浪荡子弟。然而在水浒传中，燕青却是一个英俊潇洒、才华出众，不做放荡之事的浪子。作者首先用“唇若涂朱，睛如点漆，面似堆琼”来形容燕青的长相，这与满面钢髯的李逵、鲁智深等人形成了鲜明对比。其次，燕青武艺高强。“浪子燕青那把弩弓，三支快箭，端的百发百中”，正是凭借这使弩的功夫，燕青于电光火石间射死了两个想要杀死卢俊义的公人，救了自己主人的性命。第三，燕青多才多艺，既能阳春白雪、又可下里巴人，深谙人情世故，善于察言观色，绝不似“只图砍的快活”的李逵。凭借这智勇双全的本事，燕青成为宋江最为得力的助手之一，在一系列故事中扮演了重要角色。（一）忠心不二、尽职尽责燕青出场时地位并不高，仅仅是卢俊义的家奴。然而卢俊义对其的信任与喜爱，犹如父亲对待儿子一般，他称燕青为“我那一个人”。卢俊义给燕青提供了一个接受良好教育的环境，让燕青能有机会学习琴棋书画、吹拉弹唱等各种才艺，同时还教授燕青武功，将其培养成一个文武双全的人才。燕青知恩图报，对卢俊义忠心耿耿。在水浒传六十二回中，卢俊义从梁山返回自家，在城外一里多地处就见到“头巾破碎、衣衫褴褛”，浑身上下没一处干净的燕青。原来燕青为了打探虚实、替主人搞清楚形势安危，特意扮作食残羹冷炙、衣脏衫烂帽的乞丐。燕青告知卢俊义家中生变，劝卢俊义不要自投罗网，卢俊义不信，怀疑燕青对自己不忠，做了于己不利的事情。燕青见卢俊义不信，拜在地上痛哭流涕。卢俊义仍是不信，一脚踢开燕青，直奔城中而去。卢俊义回家便被捉拿归案，燕青立即去找蔡福，跪在蔡福面前，含泪祈求蔡福让自己把叫化来的半罐子饭送给卢俊义果腹。后来两个公人将卢俊义押在半途，准备施以凶手之时，正是一直默默跟随在后的燕青及时挺身而出，救得卢俊义性命。直到燕青决定归隐江湖时，他向卢俊义告别时如是说：“小乙自幼随侍主人，蒙恩感德，一言难尽”，即便离开卢俊义，但精神“也在主公前后”。卢俊义携燕青上梁山后，燕青取得了梁山头领宋江的信任。因此当李逵想要跟着宋江去东京赏元宵花灯时，宋江吩咐燕青“专和李逵作伴”，以燕青之机巧聪慧，约束李逵之莽撞粗鲁，最重要的，是能够保证李逵不给宋江的计划带来麻烦。宋江想要在东京见一见李师师，以便向当朝天子吹一吹枕边风，将会见事宜交由燕青安排。与李师师的会面，关系着梁山众好汉能否顺利招安，关系着宋江作为一山之主的理想抱负能否实现。宋江将如此大任交给燕青办理，足见宋江对燕青的器重与信任。燕青不负所托，圆满的完成了宋江交给他的任务，可见燕青对梁山的事业、宋江的抱负了然于心，并且尽职尽责、忠心不二。（二）见多识广、文武双全作者对燕青从不吝啬夸赞之笔，“话说这燕青，他虽是三十六星之末，见多识广，了身达命，都强似那三十五个”，“此人晓得诸路乡谈，更兼见而作”。每每有了重要任务，燕青都能扮作普通百姓，进可冲锋陷阵、杀敌御寇，退可探听虚实、建言献策。水浒传第八十一回中，燕青和戴宗在东京城门口被守城士兵拦下，燕青便装作过路百姓，反问士兵问什么拦住自己。士兵说奉命守城，不让梁山贼寇混入城中作怪，燕青假装生气，说士兵好坏不分，拦下好人，却把贼人放入城中，一边说一边拿出事先准备好的假公文在士兵眼前晃悠。士兵听燕青如此一说，便觉脸面上颇有些难堪，于是将燕青放入城中，只求这难缠的“普通人”赶紧从自己眼前消失。此一节生动展现了燕青的沉着、机警，以及对世故人情的谙熟。燕青受命宋江去往东京，用一段精妙的谎言取得了虞婆的信任，顺利完见到了李师师。虞婆见燕青面生，便问他姓名，燕青说李妈妈贵人多忘事，自己就是“张闲”。原来姓张的人本来就多，叫张闲这种市井名字的人便也不少。虞婆想了半天，将燕青和“太平桥”下那个浪荡子弟张闲对上号来，便问他怎么这么久不过来。燕青说自己最近跟着一个大款做事，所以没能过来，这一来，又抓住了虞婆贪财的心理。燕青能够同样博得李师师的好感，进而取得李师师的信任，一个重要的原因就是燕青的多才多艺。小说中对燕青的音乐才能有如下描写，“益州古调，唱出绕梁声，果然是艺苑专精，风月丛中第一名。听鼓板喧云，笙歌嘹亮，畅叙幽情”。 （明）施耐庵水浒传，人民文学出版社，1997年。燕青在李师师的引荐下见到了当朝天子，燕青见到皇帝，纳头便拜。皇帝一看燕青，也是个一表人才的英俊汉子，心里也十分欢喜。加上燕青能歌善舞，唱了一首天籁般的渔家傲，迅速博得了天子的喜爱，赢取了李师师的芳心。燕青能够身列三十六天罡，还因为他有两样了不起的本事，一样是“川弩”、一样是“相扑”。水浒传第六十回中，作者说燕青拿着川弩，只用三支断箭，在外打猎弹无虚发。一晚上，少说能杀灭几百只虫蚁。又如董超、薛霸二人想要加害卢俊义时，燕青连放两箭，董、薛二人还来不及呼喊一声便栽倒在地。水浒传第七十四回中，燕青跳上擂台，要与耍诈的任原摔跤。任原见燕青不如自己高大，便不把他放在眼里，只想一举摔倒燕青，不想扑了个空，反被燕青拿住破绽，接力用力，只一回合便将“擎天柱”任原扔到台下，跌了个七荤八素。台下的观众见了，无不欢呼喝彩。不光任原斗不过燕青，李逵也忌惮燕青的相扑之术，当日李逵从客店里提着斧子出来，正想杀个痛快，不想被燕青拦腰抱住，摔了个四脚朝天。李逵敢怒不敢言，只好乖乖跟着燕青离去。所以宋江总是将性直鲁莽的李逵交给燕青看管，在梁山数次重要的行动中，燕青都担当了重要角色。（三）心思缜密、远见卓识能成大事者，必有大局观，能预见形势发展、未雨绸缪。燕青能够数次担当大任，正是因为拥有这样的素质，于公于私都处理的恰到好处。当梁山用计谋赚卢俊义上山落草时，燕青发现了其中有诈，怀疑吴用就是梁山“贼人”，到庄上是为了谋害卢俊义，劝卢俊义等到太平时节再去烧香。第八十一回，燕青能够博得天子欢心，除了他自己善歌的原因，也离不开李师师的引荐，而李师师心甘情愿的帮助燕青，是因为燕青取得了她的信任。整个事件按照燕青的计划一步步推进，足见其心思缜密。李师师遇到这个“浪子”后，为他英俊的外表和才华所动，对他百般撩拨，燕青聪明绝顶，怎么会不懂李师师的心意。但他深知自己所来为何，不敢造次，虽然美色当前，燕青仍能够冷静的认识到自己肩负着梁山的招安大计，因此与李师师结拜为姐弟，“这八拜是拜住那妇人一点邪心，中间里好干大事，若是第二个，在酒色之中的，也把大事坏了。因此单显燕青心如铁石，端的是好男子”。燕青在李师师的引荐下顺利见到天子，他在一展歌喉之后，借势为自己求得“御笔赦罪诏书”，通过这一系列事件我们不难发现，燕青不仅心思缜密，行事有条不紊；而且远见卓识，早早的为自己的未来找到了一条安全的退路；同时责任心极强，在诱惑与危险面前沉着冷静、不忘自己肩负的使命，一次又一次的顺利完成了任务。三 塑造燕青形象的思想动因燕青在以勇武但粗犷为主要特征的梁山好汉中，有着“机制灵巧、多才多艺”的突出特点，这似乎与他的结局关联甚密。梁山一百单八将，只有少数几个人得以善终，燕青带着一担金银和皇帝“御笔免罪诏书”归隐田园，这是研究燕青形象不得不探讨的问题。水浒好汉的结局大约有五种：战死沙场；死于半途；入朝请功；半路出家；归隐江湖。水浒传第九十一回开始，梁山开始损兵折将，到九十八回，一次就折损了石秀、董平、秦明、张清、张顺、阮小二、阮小五、史进在内的二十四个头领，征完方腊，阵亡率高达三分之二。活着回来的头领，部分跟着宋江入朝请功，封个一官半职，如卢俊义、关胜、李逵等等；有的人死在半路，比如鲁智深坐化于浙江；武松选择在六和寺出家为僧；李俊、童威、童猛、燕青则选择归隐江湖。水浒传第一百一十九回，梁山征伐方腊凯旋归来，燕青却劝卢俊义同自己一同归隐。燕青对卢俊义说，飞鸟尽、良弓藏，狡兔死、走狗烹，这是先人给我们的劝诫，何况当今皇帝昏庸，奸臣得势，如不急流勇退，恐怕不得善终。卢俊义对燕青的话总是不信，说自己立功在前，朝廷不会辜负自己。燕青又列出韩信、彭越、英布的例子，劝卢俊义三思后行。卢俊义只是不听。燕青无奈，便与卢俊义作别，说了句“只在主公前后”，便于当夜挑了一担金银，消失在茫茫夜色之中。燕青在归隐之前向卢俊义表述了这样一个观点，“狡兔死、走狗烹；飞鸟尽，良弓藏”，统治阶级的在社会制度的设计中，并没有给梁山好汉留下一席之地，一旦梁山好汉失去使用价值，统治阶级就会无情的将他们消灭。选择功成身退，是梁山众人最好的归宿。然而期望“封妻荫子”的卢俊义难纳此言，最终沉尸鱼塘。（一）儒家入世思想论语泰伯有云：“危邦不入、乱邦不居；天下有道则见，无道则隐”孔子论语，中华书局，2007年。，作者对燕青归隐的安排，显然是受到了论语的影响，而燕青对社会的认识正是作者对社会的思考。燕青对卢俊义说“也只在主公前后”颇有深意，可以理解为燕青虽然脱离了梁山的队伍，但会暗中跟随卢俊义；如果卢俊义身遭不测，燕青恐怕也会慷慨赴义。这是燕青对卢俊义的“忠”，这种“忠”与“孝”几乎别无二致。燕青与卢俊义虽无血缘上的关系，但卢俊义一手将燕青抚养长大，教给他一身本事，可说是燕青的再生父母。因此作者未说明燕青的结局，只留下这样一句模棱两可的话，实际上体现了作者对现实与历史思考后产生的矛盾。像燕青这样文武双全、多才多艺、忠肝义胆的好汉，有能力也有智慧归隐江湖，过上逍遥自在的日子，作者不想让这样一个好男儿死在自己笔下。但燕青具有儒家入世精神的现实责任感，他将“忠孝”看得比自己的生命更重要，让他逍遥自在反而会改变他的性格，将他塑造成城府极深、老奸巨猾的妖怪。（二）道家遁世思想中国传统文化基本以儒为主导，道、佛为补充，佛家出世、道家遁世、儒家入世，三者相互补充，此岸的事功与彼岸的超脱共同熔铸成中国士人的精神世界，进而影响中华民族的文化性格。水浒传作者施耐庵在进行创作时，同样会将儒家“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”的儒家精神浇灌在小说之中。梁山头领宋江被塑造成一个胸怀大志的人，他上梁山是因为走投无路，他上梁山后则坚持招安的理想不动摇。宋江实是作者拯救乱世的精神化身，然而作者也清醒的认识到，在靠宗法、血缘、家族编织的社会网络下，个人想要依靠自己的抗争去改变社会是不可能完成的任务，因此有了燕青的急流勇退。道家哲人参悟天地万物，认为只有摆脱社会伦理的束缚，通过效法自然来达到“返璞归真”的境界。因此当胸怀大志的士人在冷冰冰的现实中碰的头破血流时，他们自然而然的将目光投向道家哲学，归隐田园江湖，躲避现实的矛盾与伤害，修身养性、独善其身。通过对现实与历史的思考，作者非常清楚梁山好汉的结局应该如何，但这一结局让他的内心充满了矛盾：亲手毁灭自己画下的图景从来就不简单。于是，燕青在对卢俊义说出这样一段话之后，“竟不知投何处去了”。三 结语燕青做为施耐庵颇费笔墨的人物，承载了作者对现实与历史的思考。他身居三十六天罡星之末，领“天巧”之名，形貌俊秀、文武双全；他对卢俊义忠心耿耿，也为梁山赴汤蹈火，同时还能把握住时机为自己找到退路，在劝谏不成后飘然而去。作者强烈的入世精神与现实责任感，在面对历史经验和冷酷现实时产生了动摇，引发出道家遁世的意愿。这是作者通过燕青表现出来的内心矛盾，然而作者并没有思考产生这一矛盾的社会原因，而是把一切归于“奸臣当道”，希望“英雄好汉”们能通过自己的能力荡涤奸邪、匡扶正义，但最终梁山好汉仍然凄凉收场，这是作者在理性思考后的矛盾与彷徨。作者将其理想寄托在自己构筑的故事中，不自觉的展现了自己的苦闷，正是这一点，使得小说中的人物更加真实亲切，也使得水浒传成为能够引发读者思考历史、探索现实的经典著作。参考文献1金圣叹金圣叹批评本水浒传，人民文学出版社.1998年。2（明）施耐庵水浒传，人民文学出版社，1997年。3宋子俊元杂剧中的宋江和燕青形象考述，文学研究。4曲家源论浪子燕青，青海师范大学学报1989年第4期。5陈松柏燕青形象的嬗变，明清小说研究2005年第1期。6卢佳燕青故事研究，甘肃联合大学学报2012年第7期。7顾瑞雪燕青，水浒英雄的另一类人生，安徽文学2009年第9期。8叶华试析“浪子”燕青的人物形象，科技信息2011年第9期。9宋金民名实不符，一个被看轻了的英雄，濮阳职业技术学院学报2011年第2期。10任婷婷浅析水浒后传对燕青形象的继承与发展，安徽文学.2011年第8期。答 谢本论文是在我的导师马培洁的亲切关怀和悉心指导下完成的。她严谨的科学态度，精益求精的工作作风，诲人不倦的高尚师德，严以律己、宽以待人的崇高风范，朴实无华、平易近人的人格魅力深深地感染和激励着我。从课题的选择到项目的最终完成，马老师都始终给予我细心的指导和不懈的支持，在此谨向马老师致以诚挚的谢意和崇高的敬意。感谢文学院的老师对我的教育培养。他们细心指导我的学习，在此，我要向诸位老师深深地鞠上一躬。感谢给我提供参考文献的学者们，谢谢他们给我提供了大量的文献，使我在写论文的过程中有了参考的依据。感谢我的爸爸妈妈，感谢他们为我所付出的一切。养育之恩，无以回报，父母永远健康快乐是我最大的心愿。此时，我的心情无法平静，从开始进入课题到论文的顺利完成，有多少可敬的师长、同学、朋友给了我无言的帮助，是你们为我撑起一片天空，在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意。 卢 云 2015年4月27日请删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！conduction, transfer of heat or electricity through a substance, resulting from a difference in temperature between different parts of the substance, in the case of heat, or from a difference in electric potential, in the case of electricity. Since heat is energy associated with the motions of the particles making up the substance, it is transferred by such motions, shifting from regions of higher temperature, where the particles are more energetic, to regions of lower temperature. The rate of heat flow between two regions is proportional to the temperature difference between them and the heat conductivity of the substance. In solids, the molecules themselves are bound and contribute to conduction of heat mainly by vibrating against neighboring molecules; a more important mechanism, however, is the migration of energetic free electrons through the solid. Metals, which have a high free-electron density, are good conductors of heat, while nonmetals, such as wood or glass, have few free electrons and do not conduct as well. Especially poor conductors, such as asbestos, have been used as insulators to impede heat flow (see insulation). Liquids and gases have their molecules farther apart and are generally poor conductors of heat. Conduction of electricity consists of the flow of charges as a result of an electromotive force, or potential difference. The rate of flow, i.e., the electric current, is proportional to the potential difference and to the electrical conductivity of the substance, which in turn depends on the nature of the substance, its cross-sectional area, and its temperature. In solids, electric current consists of a flow of electrons; as in the case of heat conduction, metals are better conductors of electricity because of their greater free-electron density, while nonmetals, such as rubber, are poor conductors and may be used as electrical insulators, or dielectrics. Increasing the cross-sectional area of a given conductor will increase the current because more electrons will be available for conduction. Increasing the temperature will inhibit conduction in a metal because the increased thermal motions of the electrons will tend to interfere with their regular flow in an electric current; in a nonmetal, however, an increase in temperature improves conduction because it frees more electrons. In liquids and gases, current consists not only in the flow of electrons but also in that of ions. A highly ionized liquid solution, e.g., saltwater, is a good conductor. Gases at high temperatures tend to become ionized and thus become good conductors (see plasma), although at ordinary temperatures they tend to be poor conductors. See electrochemistry; electrolysis; superconductivity. Almost everyone has experienced the Doppler effect, though perhaps without knowing what causes it. For example, if one is standing on a street corner and an ambulance approaches with its siren blaring, the sound of the siren steadily gains in pitch as it comes closer. Then, as it passes, the pitch suddenly lowers perceptibly. This is an example of the Doppler effect: the change in the observed frequency of a wave when the source of the wave is moving with respect to the observer. The Doppler effect, which occurs both in sound and electromagnetic wavesincluding light waveshas a number of applications. Astronomers use it, for instance, to gauge the movement of stars relative to Earth. Closer to home, principles relating to the Doppler effect find application in radar technology. Doppler radar provides information concerning weather patterns, but some people experience it in a less pleasant way: when a police officer uses it to measure their driving speed before writing a ticket. Sound and light are both examples of energy, and both are carried on waves. Wave motion is a type of harmonic motion that carries energy from one place to another without actually moving any matter. It is related to oscillation, a type of harmonic motion in one or more dimensions. Oscillation involves no net movement, only movement in place; yet individual points in the wave medium are oscillating even as the overall wave pattern moves. The term periodic motion, or movement repeated at regular intervals called periods, describes the behavior of periodic waveswaves in which a uniform series of crests and troughs follow each other in regular succession. A period (represented by the symbol T ) is the amount of time required to complete one full cycle of the wave, from trough to crest and back to trough. Period is mathematically related to several other aspects of wave motion, including wave speed, frequency, and wavelength. Frequency (abbreviated f ) is the number of waves passing through a given point during the interval of one second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz), named after nineteenth-century German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894), and a Hertz is equal to one cycle of oscillation per second. Higher frequencies are expressed in terms of kilohertz (kHz; 103 or 1,000 cycles per second); megahertz (MHz; 106 or 1 million cycles per second); and gigahertz (GHz; 109 or 1 billion cycles per second.) Wavelength (represented by the symbol , the Greek letter lambda) is the distance between a crest and the adjacent crest, or a trough and an adjacent trough, of a wave. The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. Amplitude, though mathematically independent from the parameters discussed, is critical to the understanding of sound. Defined as the maximum displacement of a vibrating material, amplitude is the size of a wave. The greater the amplitude, the greater the energy the wave contains: amplitude indicates intensity, which, in the case of sound waves, is manifested as what people commonly call volume. Similarly, the amplitude of a light wave determines the intensity of the light. electromagnetic radiation,energy radiated in the form of a wave as a result of the motion of electric charges. A moving charge gives rise to a magnetic field, and if the motion is changing (accelerated), then the magnetic field varies and in turn produces an electric field. These interacting electric and magnetic fields are at right angles to one another and also to the direction of propagation of the energy. Thus, an electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave. If the direction of the electric field is constant, the wave is said to be polarized (see polarization of light). Electromagnetic radiation does not require a material medium and can travel through a vacuum. The theory of electromagnetic radiation was developed by James Clerk Maxwell and published in 1865. He showed that the speed of propagation of electromagnetic radiation should be identical with that of light, about 186,0