虚拟语气形容词和副词.doc

虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实或者与事实相反，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。 Tomorrow 如果明天天气好的话 真实条件句If it is fine , we will go to the park.If it doesnt rain, we will go to the park.Now 现在的天气是正在下雨 非真实条件句If it were fine , I would go out to play.If it werent raining, I would go out to play.非真实条件句所表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用虚拟语气。一、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的使用1. 由if引导的和时态有关的虚拟语气：虚拟情况 从句 主句 与现在事实相反 if +主语+动词过去式 主语+would/should/ could /might+动词原形与过去事实相反 if +主语+had+动词过去式 主语+would/should/ could /might+have+动词过去分词 动词过去式与将来事实相反 if +主语+ should+V 主语+would/should/ could /might+动词原形 were to+V1） 与现在事实相反注意： 条件从句中be一律用were, 不分人称。但在口语中或非正式场合中，第一、三人称单数也可用was, 现代美语更是如此。形式构成：从句的谓语用动词的过去式（be的过去式用were），构成If I （we, you, he, they）动词过去式的形式；主句的谓语用would（第二、三人称）/should（第一人称）/might/could动词原形。此外，与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句句型还有： If it were not for= Were it not for要不是/ 如果没有如果我在你的位置，我的想法会不同。If I were in your place, I should think differently.如果我是你的话，我不会那样做。If I were you, I shouldnt do like that.要是我是你，我就会对他说实话。If I were you, I should (would, could, might)tell him the truth.如果他有时间，他就会（可能）和你去。If he had time, he would (could, might) go with you.要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没有问题了。If my brother were here, everything would be all right.2） 与过去事实相反形式构成：从句的谓语用had过去分词，构成If I (we, you, he, they)had过去分词的形式；主句的谓语用should（第一人称）/would（第二、三人称）/could/might have 动词过去分词。如果你仔细一点， 这个错误是可以避免的。If you had been more careful, the mistake might have been avoided.假如受过良好的教育，他就不会表现成那样。He would never have behaved like that if he had had a good education.假如我的表不停，我就会准时的。If my watch had not stopped, I should have been on time.如果我们迟点走的话，我们就会错失火车了。If we had left a little later, we should / would have missed the train.要是我碰到她的话，我就已经告诉她了。If I had met her, I would have told her. 注意：与过去事实相反的句型还有：If it had not been for= Had it not been for要不是/如果没有3） 与将来事实相反形式构成：从句的谓语用If I (we, you, he, they) 动词过去式或were to do 或should do 形式，主句谓语用should（第一人称）/would（第二、三人称）/could/ might 动词原形。如果他明天来的话，他就会知道了。If he came tomorrow, he would know it.如果她明天到那里去的话，她可能会遇到他的。If she were to go there tomorrow, she would meet him. 假如他来了， 我们对他说什么呢？If he were to come, what should we say to him.假如他看见我， 就会认识我。If he should see me, he would know me.假如我们爬上山顶，我们能有一个好的视野吗？If we climbed to the top of the mountain, should we get a good view?2.虚拟条件句的省略与倒装注意：当虚拟条件句含有were, had, should时，可以省略if，而把were, had, should 移到主语之前，即用倒装句，但动词过去式不可以与主语倒装。If we had left a little earlier, we would have caught the bus.Had we left a little earlier, we would have caught the bus. 如果我们早点走，就可以赶上公共汽车了。If I were in his place, I would try my best. Were I in his place, I would try my best. 如果我在他的位置，我会尽我所能的。如果他在，他会来帮助我们。Were he here, he would come to help us.假如你刚才在这里，你就会遇见她。Had you been here just now, you would have met her.假如我明天看见他，我就会告诉他关于这一切。Should I see him tomorrow, I would tell him about it.3.混合时间虚拟语气当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。如果他早点出发，他现在已到家了。If he had set out earlier, he would be home now.假如我不忙，我就会来了。If I were not busy, I would have come.假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.巩固练习1.I _ you a more valuable present for your birthday, but I was short of money at that time. A.much have bought B. had bought C. would have bought D. would buy 2.If she could sew, she _ herself a shirt.A. had madeB. will make C. would have made D. made 3._ he come, the problem would be settled.A.Would B. ShouldC. Shall D. If 4._ he would have succeeded in the examinations.A.If he has worked hard B. If he works hardC. If he worked hard D. Had he worked hard 5.What would you do if the war _.A.would break out B. were to break out C. will break out D. is broken out 4.虚拟语气在其他从句中的使用1）虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法主语从句是Its necessary (natural, important, strange, surprising, better, a pity, no wonder) that时， 谓语的虚拟形式用 （should）原形动词或shouldhave过去分词来表示。高中学生掌握一门外语很有必要。It is necessary that a high school student should master a foreign language.很遗憾他居然没有在。It is a pity that he should be absent today.我们说话要有礼貌，这是很重要的。It is important that we should speak politely.注意：有些过去分词可以当形容词使用，在主语从句中要用虚拟语气，常见的有：desired, demanded, requested, suggested, required等。2）虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句的用法在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice， insistence等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“should动词原形”。My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it.We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sightseeing.3)虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法固定的单词或者短语：在一个坚持（insist）,两个命令（order, command）,三个建议（ suggest, advice, propose）,四个要求（ ask,demand request, require）等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“(should)动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。我建议马上动身。I suggest that we (should) set off at once.学生们坚持要多上英语课。The students insisted that they (should) have more English classes.注意： 在主语would (had) rather that 宾语从句中，从句谓语用过去式表示虚拟形式。我倒希望他们和我一起去。I would rather they went with me.1）wish+宾语从句 现在：过去时 (did/were)过去：过去完成时 (had done)将来：would/could/might/ should+V. I wish I were a bird. (现在)I wish I hadnt made such a mistake. (过去)We wish our parents wouldnt punish us. (未来)注意：用在wish 后的宾语从句中，其形式有三种情况： 对目前状况所表示的祝愿或抱歉，谓语动词为一般过去式。be 一律用were。 对将来发生的事情表示祝愿，谓语动词为：would/could/might+v.原形。 对过去发生的事情表示遗憾、后悔，谓语动词为：had + done(4)表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式（be动词一般用were）。我希望知道这个问题的答案。I wish I knew the answer to the question.但愿北京全年是秋天。I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year around.她希望仍和祖母住在一起。She wishes she were still living with her grandmother.（5）表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had过去分词”。我后悔不该花那么多钱。I wish I hadnt spent so much money.他真希望没有失去机会。He wishes he had not lost the chance.（6）表示对将来的主观愿望：从句动词形式为“would动词原形”。但愿雨能停止。I wish it would stop raining.但愿你立刻来。I wish you would come soon.例句翻译：1. I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I had been there.2. I should have gone to the opera yesterday. I wish I had had yesterday.3. Tom can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he would teach me how to do it.4. I wish he hadnt gone.注意: 如果wish 是过去式，后面从句的动词的虚拟语气形式不变，仍用过去时或过去完成 。5.含蓄条件的虚拟语气有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段代替条件句。比如通过介词短语引出的含蓄条件，或由连词but, 副词otherwise, or else, without和but for等引出的构成虚拟。(but for要不是)I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet.（副词）He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it .（连词）Without sunlight, peoples life would be difficult . But for your help, I wouldnt have finished the work.Without your help, I (fail)would have failedBut for water, it (be) would be impossible to live in the desert.6.虚拟条件句的其他情况1）句型：It + be + adj. / n. / pp + that从句+（should） v. 原形；常用的形容词有：important, necessary, possible, hoped, strange, desirable等。It is hoped that you (should) be there in person.It is important that he confirm his reservations before Friday.It is necessary that an efficient worker accomplish his work on time.It is natural that products of high quality (should) sell well. 2）用于 would rather / would sooner / would prefer 等表示“宁愿、希望”意义动词之后的宾语从句中;3）在It is a /high ime that 引导的定语从句中，要用虚拟语气;4） in order that ，so that ，for fear that，in case等引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用would（第二、三人称）/should（第一人称）/might/could动词原形。She took a taxi in order that she might get there in time.Bring some more money in case you might use it later.It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.5) 用于as if /though 引导的方式状语从句中现在：过去时过去：过去完成时My mother looks after the orphan as if he were her own child.They look as if they were real brothers.He talked as if nothing had happened.但在It sounds / looks / seems as if 后的从句中，表示情况很可能发生有时可用陈述语气。It looks as if its going to rain.6) would rather -现在：过去时过去：过去完成时未来：过去时I would rather you paid me now. (现在)I would rather you had gone, too. (过去)Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow. (未来)7)用于定语从句：Its (about/high) time+that 过去时 should +V.你该走了。Its high time that you went.Its high time that you should go.我们该睡觉了。Its time that we went to bed.Its time that we should go to bed. 8) 用于If only 引导的感叹句 （用法同wish）If only I knew his name!If only we had followed your advice!If only I could see him again!要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。If only our parents could live with us!要是我没错过火车就好了！If only I hadnt missed the train!重要知识点补充1.用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词由with, without, but for等What would you do with a million dollars?=if you had a million dollarsWe couldnt have finished the work ahead of time without your help. (if we hadnt got your help)But for rain(=If it hadnt been for the rain), we would have finished the work.2、在It is (high) time (that)的句型中，定语从句的虚拟形式常用过去式或should动词原形（should不能省略），表示“现在该”我们该走了。It is time we left3、 if only表示一种假设情况，意思是“要是就好了”，相当于主语wish。要是今天是星期天就好了。If only it were Sunday today.要是他幽默点就好了。If only he had a sense of humor.4、由as if(as though) 或even though(even though) 引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句谓语形式为动词的过去式（be用were）或“had过去分词”。他那样对待我，好像我式陌生人似的。He treats me as if I were a stranger.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.注意：如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。5、虚拟语气用在含有If it were not for或If it had not been for 条件句中。If it were not for the rain, the crops would die.If it had not been for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.6、虚拟语气表示委婉语气的句型中。It would be better for you not to do that. Would you be so kind as to show me the way to the railway station.7、 用于“may动词原形”表示“祝愿”，may必须置于句首。May you succeed!May you be happy!巩固练习1.Jack cant have arrived yet, otherwise he _ me. A. would phoned B. phoned C. would have phoned D. had phoned2.Without your help, I _ the exam last term.A.failed inB. would have failed C. wouldnt pass D. would fail 3.But for the Party, he _ of hunger 30 years ago.A.died B. would die C. must have died D. would have died 4.What would have happened, _ as far as the river bank? A. Bob had walked B. if Bob should walk C. had Bob walked D. if Bob walked 5.If you _ him yesterday, you _ what to do now. A.asked would knowB. had asked would have knownC. asked him knowD. had asked would know情态动词和虚拟语气的巩固练习1.I dont really like Janes. Why did you invite him?Dont worry. He come. He said he wast certain what his plans were.A. mustnt B. neednt C.wouldnt D. mightnt 2. Just be patient. You _ expected the world change so soon. A.cant B.neednt C.may not D.will not3. Mark _have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.A.neednt B.wouldnt C.mustnt D.couldnt4. -John went to the hospital alone. -If he _me about it, I would have gone with him. A.should tell B.tells C.told D.had told5. -Good morning. I ve got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department. -Ah, good morning. You _ be Mrs.Peters. A.might B must C would D can6. -The weather has been very hot and dry. -Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now. And my vegetables _.A.wouldnt die B didnt die C hadnt die D wouldnt have died7. -I havent got the reference book yet, but I will have a test next month on the subject.-Dont worry. You _have it by Friday.A. could B shall C must D may8. If we _the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. A. take B had taken C took D have taken9. -May I take this book out of the reading room? -No, you _. You read it here. A.mightnt B wont C neednt D mustnt10. I have told you the truth. _I keep repeating it? A.Must B Can C May D Will11. Teachers recommended parents_their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. A.not allow B do not allow C mustnt allow D couldnt allow12. You _have a wrong number, she said. There is no one of that number”. A.need B can C must D would 13. Doctors say that exercise is important for health, but it _be regular exercise. A.can B will C must D may 14. You _buy a gift , but you can if you want to. A.Must B mustnt C have to D dont have to15. If he _my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. A.followed B should follow C had followed D would follow16. It _have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with car. A.may B can C must should17. But for the help of my English teacher, I_the first prize of the English Writing Competition. A.would not win B would not have won C. would win D would have won18. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we_ it without you . A.can manage B could have managed C could manage D can have managed19. Peter _be really difficult sometimes even though he is a nice person in general. A.shall B should C can D must20. -What does the sign over there read? -No person_ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area. A. will B may C shall D must21. - Could I have a word with you ,mum? -Oh, dear, if you _. A.can B must C may D should22. _fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.A.Would you be B Should you be C. Could you be D Might you be 23.-When Lily fainted, we could have turned to your father for help. -Yes, sending her to hospital _necessary. A.Hadnt been B wasnt C wouldnt D werent 24.You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _be so rude to a lady. A.might B need C should D would25.The _look on her face suggested that she _her managers idea. A.Confusing; wouldnt quite understand B Confused; hadnt quite understood C Confusing; hadnt quite understood D Confused; shouldnt quite understand 26. _this afternoon, you would have to come again next week. A.The boss were not to return B The boss didnt return C Didnt the boss return D Were the boss not to return 27.The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they _of cold and hunger. A.Would die B will die C would be dead D would have died28. _for the fact that she got hit by a car and broke her leg on her way to school , she might have passed the exam. A.Had it not been B Hadnt it been C Was it not D Were it not 29.After the bell rings, which indicates the ending of the exam, you _stay _you are until all your papers are collected. A.shall; where B would; in which C will; which shall; in which30.I _your phone number; otherwise I _you the moment i got to Changsha. A.hadnt known;had rung B hadnt known; would ring C didnt know;should have rung D didnt know;would have rung形容词和副词形容词一.形容词的定义: 形容词表示人或事物的性质, 特征或状态, 用于修饰名词或不定代词.二.形容词在句中的作用: 1.作定语: He is a great writer. This is an interesting book.I have something important to tell you.2.作表语: The bridge is long and wide. It is getting warm.3.作补语(宾语补足语或主语补足语): 被动语态的主语补足语与主动语态的宾语补足语是密切相关的。例如： (1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday. (2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday.The news made her happy. We found the text very difficult.You should keep your classroom clean. The classroom should be kept clean.4.作主语或宾语:“the+adj”表示具有形容词所描述特征的某一类人或事物, 这种名词化的形容词起着名词的作用, 在句中可以作主语或宾语.We should respect the old and love the young.The new will replace the old.The rich and the poor live in separate sections in London.5.作状语: 形容词作状语时, 多用来说明一个名词或代词的情况Unhappy with the result, he returned to work.Long and tidy, his hair played in the breeze.Anxious for a quick decision, we called for a vote.三.关于形容词的作用要注意的问题: 一般说来，形容词既可作定语又可作表语，但是：1.有些形容词只能作表语和补语, 不能像普通形容词那样作前置定语, 这样的形容词称为表语形容词, 如: afraid(害怕的), alike(相同的), alive(活着的), alone(单独的), ashamed(羞愧的), asleep(睡着的), awake(醒着的), aware(意识到的), ill(有病的), well(身体健康的), glad(高兴的), pleased(高兴的), sorry(难过的), content(满意的), fond(喜欢的)等。如：Is the baby still asleep? 这个婴儿还在睡觉吗？My family are all fond of going to the cinema. 我们全家都爱看电影。We are not content with the present achievements. 我们不满足于目前的成就。表语形容词作定语时需后置.2.有些形容词只能作定语, 不能作表语, 这样的形容词称为定语形容词, 如: elder(年岁较大的), eldest(最年长的), indoor (室内的), outdoor(室外的), daily(每天的), everyday(每天的), weekly(每周的), monthly(每月的), yearly(每年的), last(最后的), wooden(木制的), woolen(毛纺的) silken（绸的，柔软的）, live(活的) former前任的, latter后者, front前面的, back后面的, outer外部的golden,等。如：living people Those soldiers are still alive.a sleeping baby The baby was sound asleep.a lonely woman a frightened boy a sick personI like wooden furniture. 我喜欢木制家具School is an everyday event for most children. 对大多数孩子来说，上学是每天都要做的事。关于表语形容词和定语形容词的用法并不是绝对的，当它们表示的意思发生变化，其用法也可能随之变化，如 ill 表示“生病的”通常只用表语，但表示“坏的”时，却通常只用作定语。（live/alive/living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语，且一般用于动物；alive、living不仅可作定语（alive只能置于名词后；living一般置于名词前，也可置于名词后），也可以作表语。 This is a live(=living) fish.(=This is a fish alive.) 这是一条活鱼。（指动物，且作定语时，三者均可用） Whos the greatest man alive(=living man)? 谁是当今最伟大的人物？（指人，不能用live） The fish is still alive(=living) 那条鱼还活着。（指动物作表语时不能用live）。 living主要指在某个时候是活着的，而alive指本来有死的可能，但仍活着的。而且，作主语补足语或宾语补足语时，只能用alive；作比喻义（如“活像。”、“活生生的”等）解时，要用living。 The enemy officer was caught alive.(作主语补足语，不用living） 那位敌方军官被活捉了。 We found the snake alive.(作宾语补足语，不用living） H