语用学学习：语言和文化 Introduction to Linguistics-Language and Culture.ppt

introduction to linguistics language and culture,instructor: liu hongyong,introduction,1. language and culture are intrinsically dependent, and have evolved together through the history. 2. language is related to cognition, and cognition is related to culture.,what is culture?,in a broad sense, culture means the total way of life of a people including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.,what is culture?,in a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc.,types of culture,1. material cultural: concrete, substantial and observable 2. spiritual culture: the products of mind (ideologies, beliefs, values, and concepts of time and space, for example), abstract, ambiguous, and hidden,the relationship between language and culture,language and culture,every language is part of a culture. people are identified via their use of language. in this sense, language expresses cultural reality. language embodies cultural identity. it reinforces and preserves beliefs and customs, and conditions their future course.,sapir-whorf hypothesis,it is a hypothesis concerning the relationship between language and thought, proposed by whorf, under the influence of sapir, his teacher. according to this hypothesis, the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. that is to say, different languages offer people different ways of express the world around, they think and speak differently. this hypothesis is also called “linguistic relativity.”,the strong and the weak version,strong version: the language patterns determine peoples thinking and behavior. weak version: the language patterns influence peoples thinking and behavior.,linguistic evidence of cultural differences,greetings and terms of address,1. greetings a. how do you do?/how are you b. 您好/你好/have you eaten?/where are you heading for? 2. terms of address a. mr./mrs./miss/ms.sir/ madam b. 同志/师傅,thanks and compliments,cultural difference are also evident in the ways gratitude and compliments are expressed. a. to thanks b. to compliments,color words,1. berlin and kay (1969) 对颜色词跨语言的研究发现了其内在规律。不同语言具有不同的基本颜色词，最多的有十一个，如英语；最少的只有两个。语言包含基本颜色词的数量和种类选择具有以下规律： 黑/白红黄/蓝/绿棕粉/橙/灰/紫 different languages entail different color related associations green: envy and jealousy,privacy and taboos,1. privacy age/family background/salary 2. taboo,words and culture-specific connotations,1. no counterparts 2. same on the surface 3. many more in another language 4. same primary meaning, different secondary meaning,culture-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors,1. idioms 2. proverbs and sayings 3. metaphors examples: p.138,the significance of cultural teaching and learning,we need to learn enough about the languages culture to achieve not only the linguistic competence but also communicative or pragmatic competence as well.,cultural overlap and diffusion,1. cultural overlap 2. cultural diffusion 3. cultural imperialism 4. linguistic imperialism 5. linguistic nationalism p. 140,intercultural communication,definition: cross-cultural communication is communication between people whose cultural