英语是如何发音的.ppt

UNIT 2 UNIT 2 THE THE PRONUNCIATION OF PRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISHENGLISH POEM OF ENGLISH Dearest creature in creation, Study English pronunciation. I will teach you in my verse Sounds like corpse, corps, horse, and worse. I will keep you, Suzy, busy, Make your head with heat grow dizzy. Tear in eye, your dress will tear. So shall I! Oh hear my prayer. (follows) Just compare heart, beard, and heard, Dies and diet, lord and word, Sword and sward, retain and Britain. (Mind the latter, how its written.) Now I surely will not plague you With such words as plaque and ague. But be careful how you speak: Say break and steak, but bleak and streak; Cloven, oven, how and low, Script, receipt, show, poem, and toe. (follows) Finally, which rhymes with enough tough, through, plough, or dough, or cough? Hiccough has the sound of cup. My advice is to give up! GENERAL ISSUESGENERAL ISSUES COMPLEX NATURE OF THE ENGLISH COMPLEX NATURE OF THE ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEMPHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ITALIAN SOUNDSITALIAN SOUNDS VARIETY OF ENGLISH ACCENTS VARIETY OF ENGLISH ACCENTS therefore therefore A KNOWLEDGE OF PHONETICS AND A KNOWLEDGE OF PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY IS EXPECTED FROM PHONOLOGY IS EXPECTED FROM UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND WILL PROVE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND WILL PROVE TO BE BENEFICIAL TO THEIR TO BE BENEFICIAL TO THEIR PRONUNCIATION SKILLSPRONUNCIATION SKILLS ACCENTS OF ENGLISH:ACCENTS OF ENGLISH: NATIVE, NATIVESED, FOREIGNNATIVE, NATIVESED, FOREIGN Accent: the way in which a language is Accent: the way in which a language is pronounced in a specific geographical areapronounced in a specific geographical area qqnative: UK , Australia, New Zealand, USA native: UK , Australia, New Zealand, USA and Canadaand Canada qqnativised: where English is a second nativised: where English is a second language (e.g. India)language (e.g. India) qqforeign: where English is a foreign language foreign: where English is a foreign language (e.g. Europe, China)(e.g. Europe, China) The British and the Americans are The British and the Americans are “divided by a common language”“divided by a common language” TWO STANDARDS OF PRONUNCIATION TWO STANDARDS OF PRONUNCIATION (Compare the BBC and CNN News): (Compare the BBC and CNN News): RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION, RP, OR RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION, RP, OR BBC ENGLISHBBC ENGLISH GENERAL AMERICANGENERAL AMERICAN Phonetics and phonologyPhonetics and phonology Phonetics: studies the physical Phonetics: studies the physical characteristics of soundscharacteristics of sounds Phonology: describes the Phonology: describes the organization of the sound system organization of the sound system of a languageof a language The articulatorsThe articulators Graphemes and phonemesGraphemes and phonemes grapheme: a letter of the alphabet (a grapheme: a letter of the alphabet (a discrete mark in writing or print) discrete mark in writing or print) phoneme: a distinctive sound in a phoneme: a distinctive sound in a language capable of creating a distinction language capable of creating a distinction in meaning between two words /d/ dog in meaning between two words /d/ dog /l/ log /f/ fog/l/ log /f/ fog International Phonetic Alphabet International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)(IPA) a set of symbols used for representing the a set of symbols used for representing the phonemes and sounds of all languagesphonemes and sounds of all languages the phonetic transcription of words is the phonetic transcription of words is provided by bilingual and monolingual provided by bilingual and monolingual dictionaries dictionaries phoneme symbols are enclosed within phoneme symbols are enclosed within slant brackets /slant brackets / / whereas the phonetic / whereas the phonetic transcription of words is enclosed in transcription of words is enclosed in square brackets square brackets TWO USEFUL WEBSITES TWO USEFUL WEBSITES http:/www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglihttp:/www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningengli sh/grammar/pron/sounds/sh/grammar/pron/sounds/ the website of the BBC World Service the website of the BBC World Service http:/www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/http:/www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/ The website of The International Phonetic The website of The International Phonetic Association (IPA)Association (IPA) No one-to-one correspondence No one-to-one correspondence between graphemes and phonemesbetween graphemes and phonemes e.g. e.g. c cut, niut, nic ce, oe, oc ceanean /k/ in cut /k/ in cut /s/ in nice /s/ in nice / / / in ocean / in ocean e.g. c e.g. co ome , hme , ho omeme / / in come / in come / / in home / in home Silent graphemesSilent graphemes castle, Christmas, often castle, Christmas, often know, knock know, knock walk, talk, folk walk, talk, folk in write, wrongin write, wrong debt, bomb, doubt debt, bomb, doubt psychology , psalm psychology , psalm Homophones and homographsHomophones and homographs aloudaloud( ( ad ad alta alta vocevoce) ) and and allowedallowed (consentito)(consentito) homophones: homophones: words words orthographically orthographically different but phonetically identicaldifferent but phonetically identical - - leadlead (condurre),(condurre), leadlead (piombo)(piombo) - - teartear (lacrima),(lacrima), tear tear (strappare)(strappare) homographs: homographs: words words orthographically orthographically identical but phonetically different identical but phonetically different English phonologyEnglish phonology segmental: describes the phonemes segmental: describes the phonemes of a language and the way they of a language and the way they combinecombine suprasegmental: describes the suprasegmental: describes the units larger than the phonemes units larger than the phonemes (syllables, rhythm groups and (syllables, rhythm groups and intonation phrases)intonation phrases) Phonemes and minimal pairsPhonemes and minimal pairs phoneme: a distinctive sound in a language phoneme: a distinctive sound in a language capable of creating a distinction in meaning capable of creating a distinction in meaning between two wordsbetween two words /s/ /s/ / and /t/ / and /t/ sit ssit si it t set set set set sat s sat st t minimal pairs: a pair of words which differ only minimal pairs: a pair of words which differ only by one phonemeby one phoneme kit kkit kt t cat kcat kt t cot k cot kt t caught caught kkt t pane pane pane pane cane cane c cane ane rane rane rane rane vane vanevanevane PHONEMES AND ALLOPHONESPHONEMES AND ALLOPHONES allophone: the different realisations of the same allophone: the different realisations of the same phoneme in different contexts e.g. /t/phoneme in different contexts e.g. /t/ - aspiration: - aspiration: toptop - affrication: - affrication: traintrain - Not fully audible: - Not fully audible: setset - clear /l- clear /l/: lip /: lip - - dark dark (accompanied by back resonance) in (accompanied by back resonance) in syllable final position as in syllable final position as in hill hill or before or before another consonant as in another consonant as in milkmilk THE GAP BETWEEN SPELLING ANDTHE GAP BETWEEN SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION IN ENGLISH THE ENGLISH ALPHABET IS THE ENGLISH ALPHABET IS MADE OF 26 LETTERSMADE OF 26 LETTERS THE ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL THE ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM (in RP) IS MADE OF 43 SYSTEM (in RP) IS MADE OF 43 PHONEMESPHONEMES THE ENGLISH ALPHABET THE ENGLISH ALPHABET 26 LETTERS26 LETTERS a b c d e f g h i j k l m a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y n o p q r s t u v w x y z z THE ENGLISH SOUNDS: THE ENGLISH SOUNDS: 43 PHONEMES43 PHONEMES Vowels: Vowels: Diphthongs: Diphthongs: , , , , , , Consonants: Consonants: p p b b f v f v t d t d k g k g w w THE ENGLISH SOUND SYSTEM: THE ENGLISH SOUND SYSTEM: 43 PHONEMES 43 PHONEMES Vowels: Vowels: (bit)(bit) (meet)(meet) (test)(test) (bad) (bad) (are) (are) (but)(but) (sorry) (sorry) (walk) (walk) (book) (book) (pool) (pool) (girl) (girl) ( (=schwa)=schwa) Diphthongs: Diphthongs: (I) (I) (day) (day) (boy) (boy) ( house) ( house) u (go), u (go), (dear) (dear) , , (chair) (chair), , (poor) (poor) Consonants: Consonants: p p b b f v f v (both) (both) (this) (this) t d t d (show) (show) (pleasure) (pleasure) (chicken) (chicken) (jam) (jam) k g k g (ring) (ring) VOWELS AND CONSONANTS VOWELS AND CONSONANTS WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BETWEEN VOWELS VOWELS and and CONSONANTS ? CONSONANTS ? VOWELS, DYPHTHONGS, VOWELS, DYPHTHONGS, CONSONANTSCONSONANTS VOWELS are oral, voiced and egressive sounds VOWELS are oral, voiced and egressive sounds produced without any obstruction to the produced without any obstruction to the airstream coming from the lungsairstream coming from the lungs DIPHTHONGS are oral, voiced, egressive DIPHTHONGS are oral, voiced, egressive glides from one vowel to another vowel uttered glides from one vowel to another vowel uttered with the same emission of soundwith the same emission of sound CONSONANTS are sounds produced with an CONSONANTS are sounds produced with an egressive flow of air coming out of the mouth or egressive flow of air coming out of the mouth or the nose accompanied by obstruction or friction the nose accompanied by obstruction or friction in the articulatorsin the articulators VowelsVowels / / = schwa/= schwa/ Short vowelsShort vowels r ri ich, ch, E Englngli ish, lsh, li ive, bve, bu us sy y, wom, wome en, bn, buiuildld t te est, brst, breaead, frd, frie iend, snd, sayays, bs, bu ury, gry, gueuest st b ba ad, hd, ha ave, Jve, Ja anuary, thnuary, tha ank, mnk, ma arryrry spspo ot, wht, wha at, t, o orange, hrange, ho oliday, sliday, so orry, wrry, wa ashsh mmu ust, st, d do one, ne, l lo ove, ve, s su un, n, s so on, n, mmo onth, nth, L Lo ondon, ndon, c couountry, blntry, blooood, end, enououghgh b bu ush, sh, b bu utcher, tcher, p pu udding, dding, w wo oman, man, w wo olf, lf, b booook, ck, cououldld Long vowelsLong vowels a after, ffter, fa ather, ther, a are, pre, pa artyrty chchu urch, grch, gi irl, rl, eaearly, wrly, wo ork, wrk, wo orld, jrld, jo ournalurnal mmeeeet, drt, dreaeam, plm, pleaease, skse, ski i, p, peoeople ple w wa all, ll, c cauaught, ght, d dauaughter, ghter, b bouought, ght, l lawaw, , w wa alklk p pooool, whl, who o, m, mo ove, tve, to omb, thrmb, throuough, frgh, fruiuit t THE ENGLISH VOWELS THE ENGLISH VOWELS qqThe distance between The distance between the tongue and the the tongue and the palate: open, half-palate: open, half- open, closeopen, close qqThe part of the tongue The part of the tongue that is raised: front, that is raised: front, central, backcentral, back qqThe length: long ( The length: long ( tense), short ( lax) tense), short ( lax) qqThe position of the The position of the lips: rounded, neutral, lips: rounded, neutral, spread spread Minimal pairs with vowelsMinimal pairs with vowels fitfitslipslipsinsin feetfeetsleepsleepseen seen panpansadsadsatsat penpensaidsaidsetset potpotspotspotcotcot portportsportsportcaughtcaught DiphthongsDiphthongs a diphthong is an oral, voiced, egressive glide from a diphthong is an oral, voiced, egressive glide from one vowel to another vowel uttered with the same one vowel to another vowel uttered with the same emission of soundemission of sound t the first element is normally more audible than the he first element is normally more audible than the secondsecond closing diphthongs: closing diphthongs: centring diphthongs: centring diphthongs: , , , , triphthongs: triphthongs: , , , , , , , , Closing diphthongsClosing diphthongs l la ate, bte, ba aby, rby, rai ain, rn, rei eign, thgn, theyey, , grgreaeat t l li ife, fe, I I, n, ni ight, dght, die ie, , eyeye, be, buyuy b boyoy, j, joyoy, c, coioin, chn, choioice, mce, moioist st h hououse, shse, shouout, abt, abouout, dt, dowown n g go o, s, so o, d, do ont, hnt, ho ome, rme, roaoad, sd, sououl l Centring diphthongsCentring diphthongs d deaear, idr, ideaea, b, beaeard, brd, beeeer, hr, he erere sh sha are, Mre, Ma ary, ry, a area, wrea, weaear, chr, chai air, thr, thei eir, r, th the ere, whre, whe erere p poooor, insr, insu ure, plre, plu ural, jral, ju uryry Minimal pairs with diphthongsMinimal pairs with diphthongs ballballsawsawcallcall born born bowlbowlsosocoalcoalbonebone werewerefurfur bur bur bird bird wherewherefairfairbearbearbaredbared Non-phonemic symbolsNon-phonemic symbols schwaschwa central, short sound central, short sound it occurs only in unstressed syllablesit occurs only in unstressed syllables It is a word of Hebrew origin, referring to a weak It is a word of Hebrew origin, referring to a weak or missing vowel soundor missing vowel sound ii and and uu represent represent the the long long phonemes phonemes / / / and and / / in unstressed position/ in unstressed position e.g. happy e.g. happy , react , react you you , situation , situation Group these words according to the pronunciation of Group these words according to the pronunciation of the grapheme : the grapheme : car, all, radio, lake, map, car, all, radio, lake, map, a again, gain, finfina al, start, todl, start, todayay, hand, small, hand, small answersanswers map, hand map, hand car, start car, start radio, lake, today radio, lake, today all, small all, small again, final again, final CONSONANTSCONSONANTS ORAL ( the air through the mouth) ORAL ( the air through the mouth) most consonants are oral most consonants are oral but three are but three are NASAL ( the air through the nose) i.e NASAL ( the air through the nose) i.e /m/ mouse/m/ mouse /n/ no/n/ no / / / sing/ sing Consonants can be classified Consonants can be classified according to according to PLACE OF ARTICULATION e.g. BilabialPLACE OF ARTICULATION e.g. Bilabial /p/ pen, /b/, bull, /m/ man /p/ pen, /b/, bull, /m/ man MANNER OF ARTICULATION e.g. Plosives MANNER OF ARTICULATION e.g. Plosives /t/ top, /k/ cat, /d/ do, /g/ get/t/ top, /k/ cat, /d/ do, /g/ get VOICING VOICING consonants consonants can can be be voiced voiced or or voiceless voiceless depending depending on on the the vibration vibration or or otherwise otherwise of of the the vocal cords e.g. /s/ versus /z/vocal cords e.g. /s/ versus /z/ UNUSUAL IPA SYMBOLS UNUSUAL IPA SYMBOLS (FOR ITALIANS)(FOR ITALIANS) both , father both , father / / / / / / dental fricatives dental fricatives shop, pleasure, shop, pleasure, / / / / / palato-alveolar fricatives/ palato-alveolar fricatives China, John China, John / / / / / / palato-alveolar affricates palato-alveolar affricates Sing, playingSing, playing / / / velar nasal / velar nasal hall, hellhall, hell /h/ glottal fricative /h/ glottal fricative Manner of articulationManner of articulation plosives: plosives: p p b t d k g b t d k g fricatives:fricatives: f v f v nasals:nasals: affricates: affricates: liquids:liquids: semi-vowels semi-vowels (or (or approximants): approximants): Place of articulationPlace of articulation bilabial:bilabial: p p b b labiodental:labiodental: f vf v dental:dental: alveolar:alveolar: t d t d palato-alveolar:palato-alveolar: palatal: palatal: velar:velar: k g k g glottal: glottal: Consonant minimal pairsConsonant minimal pairs tintintaughttaughttrilltrill thinthinthoughtthoughtthrillthrill sipsipniecenieceiceice zipzipkneeskneeseyeseyes sinsinbanban ran ran singsingbangbangrangrang VoicingVoicing vibration of the vocal cords inside the vibration of the vocal cords inside the larynxlarynx the the voicelessvoiceless consonant phonemes are: consonant phonemes are: / /, , , , , , , , , , , , , , / / the the voicedvoiced consonant phonemes are: consonant phonemes are: qq / /, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , / / qqinflections: inflections: after a voiceless consonant, after a voiceless consonant, after a vowel or a voiced after a vo