育才分流英语语法词法精品辅导.doc

育才分流英语语法词法精品辅导3情态动词、虚拟语气、非谓语动词名词性从句和定语从句情态动词【要点点拨】1.表示请求和允许：can,could,may,might.过去式使语气更委婉，答语应用原形。-Could Iuse your computer tomorrow morning?-Yes,you can.(否定回答可用：No,Im afraid not.)2.表示推测：理论可能性can可能性肯定句must,may,might,could疑问句can否定句cant(不可能)，may not(可能不)1)can表示理论上的可能性，指某事或情况可能发生，但并不说明实际上真的发生.Children can be very tiring.2)反意问句。He may know the plan,doesnthe?You must have studied Englishbefore,haventyou?You cant have beencaught in the rain last night,wereyou?3.could&be able to在肯定句中could表示过去有能力做，was/were able to表示过去有能力而且确实做成了某一件事，相当于managed to do或succeeded in doing sth.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.4.may/might as well do sth还是好、不妨You might as well tell me the truth.你还是把真相告诉我的好。5.must和have to 1)must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to强调客观需要。2)否定形式含义不同。mustnt禁止，不许可，dont have to不必3)must偏要(做令人不快的事)eg.Must you shout so loudly?6.shall和should 1)表示说话人征求对方意见和向对方请示，用于第一、三人称。When shall my father be able to leave hospital?shall 2)表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁以及说话人的决心。You shall go with me(命令)/You shall have the book when Ifinish it.(允诺)He shall be punished(威胁)/Nothing shall stop me from doing it.(决心)1)表示劝告和建议应该2)按道理应当估计(=ought to)They should be there by now,I think.3)用于第一人称表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。I should advise you not do that.我倒是劝你别这样做。Should 4)在条件句中表示万一，主句不一定用虚拟语气。Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him./Should Ibe free tomorrow,Ill come.5)Why/How+should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思，意为竟然，也用在某些从句中。It seems so unfair that this should happen to me.这种事竟然发生在我身上真不公平。7.will和would 1)表示意志和意愿。will指现在，would指过去。If you will listen to me,Ill give you some advice.2)表示请求、建议，would比will委婉、客气。Will(Would)you please pass me the book?3)表示习惯性动作，总是惯于，will指现在，would指过去。Fish will die without water.Every evening,she would sit by the window,deep in thought.4).表示功能，意为能或行The machine wont work.5)表示预料或猜想。It would be about ten when he left home.猜想他离开家时大约十点。8.would&used to 1)表示过去持续的状态和情况用used to；would不与表示状态的动词连用。There used to be ahospital here./There would be ahospital here.()2)would常与often,sometimes,for hours等表示时间的副词(短语)连用。We would sit in the yard every evening and listened to his story.3)used to强调过去的行为同现在的对比，含有过去怎样，而现在却不这样了的含义.eg.He will not spend the money on books as he used to.9.dare和need两者作为情态动词都不用于肯定句，常用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。习惯用语I dare say(可能，或许，我揣测)除外。实义动词用法同于一般动词。但在否定句中，dare后的to可省略，即：dont/doesnt dare(to)do.need作为实义动词时，用在否定句中时，其后的to不能省略。He dare go there alone.()He dares to go there.He dares not go there alone.()He dare not go there alone./He doesnt dare(to)go there alone.He stood there without daring lift his head.()He stood there without daring to lift his head.10.情态动词+have done,表示过去比较：情态动词+do,表示现在或将来。cf.neednt have done&didnt need to doShe need not have come yesterday.她昨天本不必要来的。(但却来了)She didnt need to come yesterday.她昨天不必来。(实际上也没来)虚拟语气【要点点拨】一：形式为(should)+v.1.宾语从句中。一个坚持(insist),两个命令(order,command),三条建议(advise,suggest,propose),四项要求(demand,require,request,ask).还有prefer，advise等词。注意：1)suggest和insist有例外The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.(暗示表明)The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.2)这类动词的名词形式后的表语从句和同位语从句中也要用(should)+v.形式。另外，还有plan,idea等词。2.主语从句中1)It is necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/a shame/no wonderthat.eg.It is strange that he should have acted towards his parents like that.二：形式为在原本的时态上退一步，即+过去1.在条件句中的运用条件从句主句与现在事实相反过去式(be一般用were)would/could/might+v.与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实相反1)过去式2)should+v.3)were to+v.would/could/might+v.(第一人称可用should,以上同)1)混合虚拟条件句或错综时间条件句主句和从句时间上不一致，从句可以和过去时间相反，主句可以与现在事实相反。If you had taken my advice just now,you would be better now.2)if省略句。在条件句中，可省略if,把were,had,should提到句首，变为倒装句式。Were Iyou,I would seize the chance to go abroad.3)含蓄条件句A)with,without,but for等介词短语代替条件句But for the rain,the crops would have died.(=If it hadnt been for the rain)B)其他手段I was ill that day.Otherwise,I would have taken part in the sports meeting.(副词)He telephoned to inform me of your birthday,orI would have known nothing about it.(连词)I might have given you more help,butI was too busy.(连词)Given more time,we could have done it better.(分词短语)It would be amistakenot to help him.(动词不定式)2.宾语从句中wish,would rather后,但would rather后所跟句子跟现在、将来相反用过去时，跟过去时间相反使用过去完成时。注意：不跟过去将来时。I would rather you came tomorrow instead of today.我宁愿你明天而不是今天来。3.as if(though)引导的从句中as if后的从句当表示真实情况时，用陈述语气。试比较：It looks as if it is going to rain./He talks as if he had been to America,4.It is(high)time that.过去时/should+v.5.用于if only引导的感叹句中但愿，要是就好了非谓语动词：动词不定式、分词、动名词动词不定式【要点点拨】动词不定式表现为两种形式：to do或do，在句中可作：1、主语：To build the bridge needs much money.一般用It作形式主语放在句首，把不定式短语放于句末。It doesnt make any difference whether you go today or tomorrow.2、表语：Their task is to build arailway in ayear.3、宾语：The child pretended to be sleeping/asleep when Icame back home.注意：当不定式作宾语，其后接补语时，我们常用it作形式宾语，把不定式宾语放于补语之后。We think it possible to finish the work in aweek.4、定语：表示一个未发生的动作，放于被修饰的名词之后。The building to be built will be used as ahospital.5、状语：1)目的状语：常见形式有：to./in order to./so as to.We got up early in order to catch the first bus.2)结果状语：常见形式有：too.to/so.as to./only to.Would you be so kind as to help me with my English?He returned home 15 years later,only to find his house burnt down.6、补语：1)宾补：He asked me to do work with him.2)主补：She was often heard to sing the song while doing housework.7、独立结构，在句中作插入语。常用的有：to tell the truth,to be frank,to make things worse分词【要点点拨】分词可分为：现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词：现在分词和现在分词短语在句中可作：1、定语：单个的现在分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前，现在分词短语作定语应放被修饰的名词后，现在分词及现在分词短语作定语时均可以发展为一个定语从句。The girl reading over there(The girl who was reading over there)soon fell asleep.2、状语：现在分词作状语可分为：一般式(doing)：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生；完成式(having done)：表示分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。The old man passed away,leaving alot of debts unpaid.Having finished(After he had finished)his exercises,he went to play basketball.3、补语：现在分词作宾语补语，表示宾语的一个正在进行的动作，用于一些常见句型中：see/hear/feel/notice/have/catch/leave/set/send.sb.doing sth.The salesman caught the thief stealing in the shop.4、表语：现在分词作表语，表示主语的特点，可以看作形容词，是形容词化的现在分词。The film was very interesting.5、独立结构：现在分词短语作独立结构时，是固定说法，不以主动、被动去分析。常见的有：generally speaking,judging from/by,consideringGenerally speaking,he is quite skillful at playing table tennis.过去分词：过去分词和过去分词短语在句中可作：1、定语：单一的过去分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前，过去分词短语作定语放于被修饰的名词后，过去分词及过去分词短语作定语均可以发展为一个定语从句。The broken window(The window which was broken)will be replaced soon.The books bought yesterday(which were bought yesterday)are of high quality.过去分词短语作定语有三种时态：done.：表示动作已发生；to be done：表示动作将要发生；being done：表示动作正在发生。对比以下三句：The bridge built last year(which was built last year)is very beautiful.The bridge to be built next month(which will be built next month)will be very long.The bridge being built(which is being built)will be completed next month.2、状语：过去分词短语作状语可分为：一般式(done)：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作前；完成式(having been done)：强调分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。Scolded(As she was scolded)by the teacher,the girl sat there without lifting her head.Having been kept(As he had been kept)in prison for many years,he went mad.3、补语：过去分词作宾语补语，表示宾语与补语存在被动关系，且常用于have something done/get something done/make oneself done.等句型中。e.g.Yesterday he had his watch fixed at the watch-makers.4、表语：过去分词作表语，表示主语的状态，且该状态通常是由外界因素引起的。这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词，是形容词化的过去分词。e.g.Im interested in reading novels written by Jin Yong.注：分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，如果分词的逻辑主语并不是主句的主语，而另有其逻辑主语，则应在分词前补上其逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句。e.g.The baby sleeping(As the baby was sleeping)in the room,we dared not turn up the TV.动名词【要点点拨】动名词是由动词后+ing的形式构成的，与动词的现在分词同形。它保留了动词的特征，即：它可以带自己的宾语和状语，又具有名词的特征。1、主语：Studying English well is no easy job.注意：1)在下面一些结构中，常用it作形式主语，将用作真实主语的动名词放于句末。It is no use/no good/useless/nice/good/fun/interesting.+doing sth.Its good hearing Chinese,my mother tongue,spoken here.2)动词不定式作主语和动名词作主语的区别：动词不定式作主语表示一个具体的动作，而动名词作主语则表示一个抽象的、一般的概念。Reading English in the morning is of great use for students.To read this English book will take much time.2、表语：动名词作表语是对句子主语的一种说明，主语和动名词可以交换位置，句子的意思不变。这有别于进行时：进行时句中用的是现在分词，表示主语的一个正在进行的动作，主语与现在分词不能交换位置。What he likes most is playing football.=Playing football is what he likes most.He is playing football with his friends.3、宾语：动名词作宾语，表示一种习惯、爱好。He likes smoking while Ilike drinking.注意：动词不定式作宾语，表示一个具体的动作，不表示习惯。I like smoking,but Idont like to smoke today,for Ive got acold.有些动词后面不用不定式作宾语，而只用动名词作宾语，请记住以下口诀：memepscarfi：音译成：妹妹不吃咖啡。这里每个字母代表一个或几个单词：m-miss e-enjoy；m-mind；e-escape；p-practise；s-suggest/stand；c-consider/complete；a-admit/allow/advise/appreciate/avoid；r-risk；f-finish；i-imagine，常用的词都列在里面了。I highly appreciate your helping the old lady.动名词还作介词宾语。I dont feel like going to the station to meet the guests.4、定语：动名词作定语，放于被修饰的名词前，表示该的名词的功能，并不表示动作。e.g.a sleeping bag=a bag for sleeping/an operating table=a table for operating区别：现在分词作定语，表示被修饰的名词的一个动作。e.g.a sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping/the running car=the car that is running另：1)动名词的复合结构(ones doing)：表示动名词动作的发出者，在句中可作主语和宾语。动名词的复合结构作宾语时，可以用宾格代替所有格。e.g.We like Toms(Tom)singing the English song.The little boys crying drew our attention.2)有些动词后面既可跟动词不定式，又可跟动名词作宾语，注意它们的不同意思。doing sthto do sth remember记得做过某事，(动作已发生)记得去做某事(动作未发生)forget忘了做过某事(动作已发生)忘了去做某事(动作未发生)regret后悔过去做过的事遗憾地去做事mean意味着做某事意欲、打算做某事try试着做某事(看会发生什么)努力、设法、企图做某事stop停止做某事停下来去做另一事go on继续原来的事接着做另一件事cant help禁不住、情不自禁地做某事无法帮助去做某事learn学会做某事学着、开始学做某事need/want/require某事需要被做(=to be done)需要做某事(主动意思)名词性从句和定语从句【考点点拨】名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。近几年高考对名词性从句的考查重点如下：【考点1】名词性从句中引导词that与what的使用场合。1.that引导名词性从句时，不在从句中充当任何成分，只起连接作用；而what是连接代词，在从句中充当成分。_ made the school proud was _more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities.A.What/because B.What/that C.That/what D.That/because 2.that在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不可省略,但当有两个和两个以上的宾语从句并列时，第二个从句以下的that不可省略。如：She said(that)she had left school and that her parents would find her ajob.Word comes _a group of Australian guests will come to visit our school next week.A.that B.which C.不填D.about which 3.介词后的宾语从句常用what，whether引导，不用that，which引导。但在介词besides，except，in后可用that引导宾语从句。在有it作先行词时，that可用来引导介词后的宾语从句。The other day,my brother drove his car down the street at _I thought was adangerous speed.A.as B.which C.what D.that【考点2】名词性从句中引导词whether与if的用法区别。引导及物动词或形容词后的宾语从句可以互换的场合：He is not sure if/whether he can manage to do it.当与or not分开使用时He wondered if/whether we will attend the meeting or not.引导表语从句、同位语从句及位于句首的主语从句只能用whether不能用if的场合：引导介词后的宾语从句(有时可省略)后面紧跟or not时后面直接跟动词不定式时_ the flight to New York will be delayed is _Im especially worried about.A.If；what B.Whether；that C.When；that D.Whether；what【考点3】在动词：一坚持(insist)、二命令(order，command)、三建议(suggest，advise，propose)、四要求(demand，require，request，ask)后的宾语从句和这些动词的过去分词后的主语从句，以及这些动词的名词引出的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语部分常用(should)do形式。I advised that he _to the hospital at once,but he insisted that he _quite well then.A.be sent；was feeling B.was sent；sent C.be sent；feel D.should be sent；should feel【考点4】名词性从句的语序只能是陈述句语序，宾语从句的时态应该与主句的谓语动词的时态保持一致。They are teachers and dont realize _to start and run acompany.A.what takes it B.what they take C.what takes them D.what it takes【考点5】whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever和however在引导名词性从句时不可与no matter who/which/what/when/where/how替换，因为后者只能引导让步主语从句。-Have anice trip！-Thanks.Ill telephone you from _I get to by tomorrow evening.A.wherever B.every place C.whenever D.no matter where定语从句可分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面：【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构；理解关系代词和