词汇学教程张维友版课后习题答案.pdf

英语词汇学教程 （2004 年版）练习答案 【Chapter 1】 7 tart: loose womanbloke: fellow gat: pistolswell: great chicken: cowardblue: fight smoky: policefull: drunk dame: womanbeaver: girl 8.haply = perhapsalbeit = although methinks = it seems to meeke = also sooth = truthmorn = morning troth = pledgeere = before quoth = saidhallowed = holy billow = wave/ the seabade = bid 12. DenizensAliensTranslation loansSemantic loans kettle die wall skirt husband confrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenu chopstick typhoon black humour long time no see dream 【Chapter 2】 Ex.1 The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2.Indo-European Language Family Balto-SlavicIndo-IranianCelticItalianHellenicGermanic RoumanianHindiBretonSpanishGreekEnglish LithuanianPersianScottishFrenchSwedish PrussianIrishItalianGerman PolishPortugueseNorweigian SlavenianIcelandic RussianDanish BulgarianDutch 6. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary. 8. eventful Latin + Englishhydroplane Greek + Latin falsehood Latin + Englishpacifist Latin + Greek saxophone German + Greek heirloom French + English joss house Portuguese + English television Greek + Latin 9. amateur (late)finac (late)empire (early) peace (E)courage (E)garage (L) judgement (E)chair (E)chaise (L) grace (E)servant (E)routine (L) jealous (E)savat (L)genre (L) gender (E)dbut (L)morale (L) state (E)chez (L)ballet (L) 11. allegro, f轻快 andante, j行板行板 diminuendo, g渐弱渐弱 largo, d缓慢缓慢 pianoforte, a轻转慢 alto, i女低音 crescendo, b渐强 forte, e强强 piano, h轻 soprano, c女高音女高音 12. cherub (Hebrew)snorkel (G) coolie (Hindi)tulip (Turk) lasso (Sp)wok (Ch) shampoo (Indian)chocolate (Mex) tepee (Am Ind)jubilee (Gr) kibitz (G)Sabbath (Heb) chipmunk (Am Ind)tamale (Mex) cotton (Arab)voodoo (Afr) loot (Hindi)sauerbraten (G) 13. a. alligatorb. loco c. rodeod. bonanza e. igloof. blitzkrieg g. wigwamh. canoe i. hurricanej. boomerang k. Ponchos 【Chapter 3】 1.a. morphemeb. allomorph c. bound morphemed. free morpheme e. affixf. informational affix g. derivational affixh. root i. stemj. base 3.individualistic individualist + ic stem, base individual + ist stem, base individu + al stem, base in + dividu root, stem, base undesirables un + desirable stem, base desir + able root, stem, base free morpheme = free root morphemebound root bound morphemeinflectional affix affixprefix derivational affix suffix 【Chapter 4】 Affixation 5.non-smokerincapableimpractical disobeyinsecurityirrelevant immatureinability/disabilityunofficially unwillingnessillegaldisagreement illogicaldisloyalinconvenient non-athletic 6.hardenhorrifymodernize memorizefalsifyapologize deepenglorifysterilize lengthenintensifybeautify fattensympathize a.apologizedb.beautifyc.lengthening d.sympathizede.fattenf.falsify g.memorizingh.Sterilize 7.a.employeeb.politicianc.participant d.waitresse.conductorf.teacher g.pianisth.examinee/examiner 8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-world mono- = one: monorail, monoculture super- = over, above: superstructure,supernatural auto- = self: autobiography, automobile sub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition mini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwar pre- = before: prehistorical, preelection ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmer Compounding heartbeat S + Vbrainwashing V + O movie-goer place + Vbaking powder V +adv far- reaching V +Advdog-tired adv + a lion-hearted adv + alove-sick adv + a boyfriend S + complementpeace-loving V +O snap decision V + Oeasy chair a + n on-coming V +advtax-free adv +a light-blue a + agoings-on V +adv 4.well-bred/well-behavedculture-bound/homebound needle work/homeworkpraiseworthy/respectworthy bar-woman/sportswomannation-wide/college-wide clear-minded/strong-mindedmilitary-style/newstyle self-control/self-respectbudget-related/politics-related water-proof/fire-proofonce-fashionable/once-powerful news-film/news-lettermock-attack/mock-sadness sister-in-law/father-in-lawhome-baked/home-produced half-way/half-doneever-lasting/ever-green age-conscious/status-consciouscampus-based/market-based Conversion 7.a.stomach n v b.room n v c.wolf n v e/go v n e.familiar a n f.innocent a n g.flat a n h.ah/ ouch int v i.warm a n j.has-been/might-have-been finite v n k.Hamlet proper n v l.buy v n m. smooth a v Blending motel(motor + hotel) humint(human + intelligence) advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) psywarrior(psychological warrior) hoverport(hovercraft + port) chunnel(channel + tunnel) hi-fi(high + fidelity) cinemactress (cinema + actress) Clipping copter (helicopter)dorm (dormitory) lab (laboratory)prefab (prefabricated house) gas (gasoline)prof (professor) scope (telescope)champ (champion) sarge (sergeant)mike (microphone) ad (advertisement)tec (detective) Acronymy 2.kg = kilogramft = footcf = confer cm = centimeter $ = dollar ibid = ibidemetc. = et cetera VIP = very important person OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries TOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language 3.a.SALT b.radar c.AIDS d.BASIC e.Laser f.WHO g.sonar h.G-man Backformation 2.lase (laser) escalate (escalator) babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) orate (orator) commute (commuter) Commonization of Proper Names a. tantalizeTantalus b.Argus-eyedArgus c. narcissismNarcissus d. sabotagesabots e. martinetMartinet f. yahooYahoo g. ShylockShylock h. hooveringHoover i. utopiaUtopia j. Uncle TommismUncle Tom 【Chapter 5】 6.apesbbirdsa cattlemcricketn dovescfoxesj geeseksheepf wolvesgmonkeyse pigslhyenash turkeysdswansi 9.a.Ascientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc. b.A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, suchas “suffering, killing, death, horror“, etc. c.To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc. 10. talkative:implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral) articulate:expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive) gossip:indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative) rambling:talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative) fluent:speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive) mouthy:overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative) 11. NoAppreciativeNeutralPejorative 1particularfastidious/fussy 2criticalfault-finding/picky 3style/voguefad 4artfulcunning/sly 5unstablefickle/capricious 6developingunderdeveloped/ backward 7encourage/ promoteinstigate 8groupclique/gang 14. bull-HUMAN+MALE+ADULT+BOVINE cow-HUMAN-MALE+ADULT+BOVINE calf-HUMAN+MALE-ADULT+BOVINE rooster -HUMAN+MALE+ADULT+GALLINE hen-HUMAN-MALE+ADULT+GALLINE chicken -HUMAN+MALE+ADULT+GALLINE -HUMAN bullcowcalf+BOVINE roosterhenchicken+GALLINE +MALE-MALE+ADULT 【Chapter 6】 Polysemy 4. Homonymy 4.1)Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for ones needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to theladys question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If theymade sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earnenough money to survive.)( 2) Dont complain. All the butchers do the same.I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread. 2)Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, onemay feel warm. 3)arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid downhis arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upperlimbs. Synonymy 3.avaricious:greedy courteously:politely emancipate:set free customary:usual width:breadth adversary:opponent gullible:deceived remainder:residue innocent:sinless obstacle:obstruction vexation:annoyance 5.a. identifiableb. safety c. motivatesd. delicate e. surroundingsf. artificial g. prestigeh. perspire i. accomplishmentj. silent k. impressivel. evaporate 6.runmovespin turnwhirlroll 7.a. steadb. gee-geec. ripe d. maturee. effectivef. efficient g. fatigued, childrenh. tired, kids i. declinedj. refusedk. rancid l. addledm. Penaltiesn. fines o. rebukedp. accused Antonymy 5.a. similar/sameb. safe c. sharp/ smartd. send e. stingy/ selfishh. simple f. significant/sensiblei. sure g. skeptical/ suspiciousl. smooth j. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppy k. sleepiness/ sleep / slumber m. subjective n. sob/ scowl 6.a. old-fashionedb. completely c. moistured. special e. essentialf. similarity g. innocenth. rigid i. loosenj. clarity k. desertedl. fruitful m. peremptoryn. depressed o. indifferent 7.a. feedstarve, cold-feverb. wisdomfollies c. hasteleisured. pennypound, wisefoolish e. speechsilencef. absencepresence g. admonishpraisei. wise menfools h. youngoldprivatepublic saintdevil j. mindbodyk. foulfair l. dangersecuritym. deliberate-prompt n. childrenparentso. bullycoward p. headtail 8.rightwrongsinglereturn drysweethardeasy strongfaintroughcalm lightdarkcoldwarm highlow/deep Hyponymy 3.furniture:desk, chair, table, bed matter:liquid, gas, solid meat:pork, beef, mutton go:run, fly, walk 4.professionworkplace surgeon:clinic, hospital plumber:house, building lawyer:office, law courts mechanic:garage photographer:studio foreman:worksite, factory 5. 6.In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1. In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates. Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better. Semantic field 3.Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning. 【Chapter 7】 4.1)extension2)extension 3)narrowing4)degradation 5)elevation6)narrowing 7)extension8)extension 9)narrowing10) elevation 11) narrowing12) degradation 13) degradation14) degradation BEDROOM mattress dressing gown clothes pyjamas carpet rug mirrorcomb hairbrush pillows sheets blanket s sleepers dressingtable wardrob bed 5.a. associated transfer b. abstract to concrete c. abstract to concrete d. abstract to concrete e. abstract to concrete f. abstract of concrete g. associated transfer h. associated transfer i. synesthesia j. synesthesia 6.a. objectiveb. subjective, objective c. objectived. subjective e. subjectivef. subjective g. subjectiveh. subjective, objective 7.a.dieb. graveyard c.bedlam 疯人院d. old people e.strikef. Policeman g.stupid pupilh. poor people i.toiletj. fat person k.unemployed mother 【Chapter 8】 2.a.to repair b.measurement and determination of ones position c.predicament d.injection a.a single complete dividing part (of a rocket) b.the theatre or acting as a profession c.a particular point or period in a process of development d.to plan, arrange and carry out erchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding or harmony b.conversation c.a written conversation (of a play, etc.) 3.a. synonym b. explanation/ definition c. antonym d. example e. relevant details f. relevant details g. relevant details 4.a.stop people drinking stop drinking by themselves b.a stone house which is big a house built of big stones c.a picture possessed by Betty a photograph of Betty d.aunts who are visiting paying a visit to aunts e.take Jane as his wife preside over Janes wedding f.a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it hits the thing it aims at an object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him 【Chapter 9】 6.a2)b9)c3) d6)e1)f8) g5)h4)i7) j10) 7.a.stand out against b.approve of c.get over with d.looking into e up with ply with g.cashed in on h.go without i.to profit by / from j.dut down to 8.a cool cat = a really calm person blow ones stack = lose control over oneself fly off the handle = become excessively angry whats more = furthermore get away with = commit an illegitimate act without penalty of course = naturally get on = get old pepper and salt = grey (hair) make up for = compensate for lost time = time wasted take it easy = relax, not worry get up = rise from bed turn in = go into bed take care of = manage or look after like a breeze = without effort or easily time off = time for rest get it made = be successful this is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object beyond which more of the same is unnecessary Sam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone elses turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his lifes goal. 9.a.“Well, its the old story of the stitch in time,” he said. A stitch in time saves nine. b.Fleurs head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks, better let me.” Too many cooks spoil the broth. c.But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in every pie so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger. have a finger in the pie d.Im thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody can hear themselves think. Speech is silver, silence is golden. e.They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a wheel. wheel within wheels f.He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspect evidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks. make bricks without straw 10.wind and weatherwheeling and dealing waifs and straystown and gown top and tailtime after time rules and regulationsrise and fall rags and tatterspuff and blow pick and shovelpeace and quiet over and aboveone and only off and onneck and neck shoulder to shouldermoan and groan milk and waterman and beast 11. a.好奇伤身。 b.闻声知鸟。闻言知人。 c.种瓜得瓜。种豆得豆。 d.美貌只是一层皮。不可以貌取人。 e.良药苦口。 f.谨慎是安全之本。 g.子为人之父。从小看大。 h.不满是前进的第一步。不满就是进步的开始 i.入乡随俗。 j.吃一堑，长一智。 k.烈火试真金，逆境炼意志。 【Chapter 10】 14. draft