用冰山理论解读《老人与海》中主人公的胜利 英语专业毕业论文.doc

用冰山理论解读老人与海中主人公的胜利摘 要被威谦、福克纳誉为“这代人最优秀的一个单篇”的老人与海是硬汉子海明威的力作，而对于老人与海的象征主义，评论界各执已见，海明威本人的解释也模棱两可。而小说中主人公圣地亚哥和生存环境、大海、鲨鱼、小孩等角色实际上并非角色本身，表面上简单的角色及故事情节有着深刻的象征意义，所以笔者希望从文章的主人公、其生存环境等各个方面对其象征主义进行剖析、总结和归纳老人与海的象征手法以及海明威的人生观在各象征因素中的体现,以期能帮助读者更好地理解这部作品。关键词 海明威 象征因素 冰山原理 生存环境 人生观 abstract the old man and the sea, praised by a famous writer as “the most excellent simple article in this generation”, is a masterpiece of the unyielding manhemingway. but with regard to the symbolism, it has been talked differently, and was equivocal in the explanation by hemingway himself. the protagonist, the living environment, the sea, the shark, the marlin are not themselves but have significant symbolical meaning. here the author will analyze its symbolism thoroughly through some aspects such as the leading character，the living environment and hemingways philosophy of life reflected by the symbols, with a view to help the reader get a better understanding of ernest hemingways masterpiecekey words hemingway the symbolic factors iceberg theory the living environment philosophy of life目 录1 引言 . 62 背景介绍 . 73 作品的象征意义 . 73.1 象征意义的含义 .73.2 老人与海中运用的主要象征 .94 海明威用象征手法在老人与海中反映出来的哲学生活 .104.1 老人与海中海明威的哲学生活 . 104.2 通过象征手法反映海明威对生活的态度 .115 结论 .11致谢辞.参考文献.附录contents1 introduction .62 introduction to the background .73 the symbolism in the works .73.1 the definition of symbolism .73.2 major symbols in the old man and the sea .94 hemingways philosophy of life reflected by the symbols in the old man and the sea .104.1 hemingways philosophy of life in the old man and the sea .104.2 hemingways attitude towards the society reflected through the symbol of the sea .115 conclusion .11ackonwledgements .reference.appendix.1 introduction regarded as a giant both in american literature and the world literature, ernest hemingway was born on july21, 1898, at oak park, illinois. in the childhood, influenced by his father, hemingway was interested in music, pictures, hunting, fishing and the like. his variety of interest, especially the love of fishing extremely affected all his life and he drew much writing inspiration from his fishing experience. taking adventures also plays a vital role in his life and for the reason that he experienced the two world wars. as a noticeable representative of the “lost generation”, hemingway published the books of this sort, the sun also rises at the age of 26. because the book chiefly deals with the living attitude of the post-war generation, especially the lives of those wounded soldiers and the loneliness and disillusionment of the modern people whose ideal was shattered at the time when “god is dead”, they thought life was nothing and meaningless. in this case, hemingway became the spokesperson for the the lost generation. actually the parable of a mans struggle against the nature, the old man and the sea was published in 1952. acknowledged as his best works, the novel reinvigorated hemingways literary reputation after the violent attacks，he received from across the river and into the tress. the positive reaction that followed the novel included praise not only from the reviewers but also from a board spectrum of the mass, from ordinary readers to fellow men of letters. the publishing of this work showed that hemingway had shown he could still achieve a major triumph, whether or not the reviewers and critics or the public could appreciate the true value of his achievement. the old man and the sea was awarded the pulitzer prize in 1953 and hemingways famous iceberg technique, which is a simple but highly suggestive style, was vividly embodied in the work, thus he was awarded the nobel prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”. 2 introduction to the background the old man and the sea is a fable of an old mans life which was told by hemingway.hemingway is a famous american writer of modern times. he is also an international literary celebrity in the world. his father is a prominent doctor, and also a dab at fishing and hunting. the influence of his father made him full of love with fishing and hunting. as a mouthpiece of “the lost generation”, hemingway suffered cold shoulder and attack almost ten years in the commentary field. in order to save the desperate situation, hemingway wrote a work that he firmly believes to be the best works in his life, which was called the old man and the sea, which is the inheritance and development of hemingways unyielding character.3 the symbolism in the works3.1 the definition of symbolism symbolism is an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images. in literature, it is a writing style of using something to stand for something else by reasoning of relationship, association, accident resemblance, or a visible sign of something invisible. as a master in literature, hemingway uses very simple words and sentences to write some magnum opus, which is his iceberg technique that he uses in his work. he believed as a good writer, he didnt need to reveal the action or characters clearly, obscurity can give us the aesthetic sense. so the words and sentences in his work are symbolic and suggestive. that is to say, one needs keep a close eye to read his works and read between the lines deliberately.3. 2 major symbols in the old man and the sea there are many symbols in this story, such as the old man, the boy, the sea, the shark, the marlin and etc. this paper only focuses on the important symbols and analyzes the deep meanings of them.3.2.1 the old man the best expression to “the unyielding character” the old man and the sea is a short simple novel that has been hailed as a classic. the story the old man and the sea is about an old fisherman named santiago who overcomes the great forces of nature. not catching a single fish for eighty-four days, the old fisherman still keeps on trying without being despaired. he goes far out into the sea and catches a huge marlin after three days patient struggle. on his way home sharks come and attack, santiago tries his best to fight but fails to prevent the marlin from being eaten. in the end he returns with nothing but the skeleton of the marlin. many people believe that the novel is about the life of hemingway himself. because some parts of the story do relate to what hemingway has experienced in his life. the old man- santiago is the last tragic hero that hemingway portrays. being poor and unlucky, his fate is sad, but he is not a man being easily defeated. hemingways unyielding character is attached to the old man like a demon, which is the symbol of hemingways unyielding character, which is regarded as an embodiment of hemingways iceberg principle. hemingway does not tell the story simply, but reveal his living experience, emotion and thought symbolically. we can see that the old man shows some traditional moral, we cant deny that the old man is the best reflecting of the unyielding spirit of hemingways.3.2.2the boy the best supplement for the unyielding man character taking the only boy whom he can depend on r for survival is hemingways unique idea. taking away is because the old man “has bad luck” and the boys parents force him to claim kinship with them.before the child goes back, the struggle of the old man is isolate; the words of the child make clear that he becomes mature under the move and inspire, he faintly feels happy and the wish of brightness. so the image of the boy is the elaboration of the writer in making out the line of the story， and the information that the boy reflects is beyond the information that the writer hopes on the fish，the old man and sea. the boy helps him when the others deserts. “if the boy were here”. the story mentions it for nine times, which symbolizes that the child is the strength for the weak man when he fails and is disappointed.3.2.3 the sea the symbol of hemingways survival environment. in both the sea and the life, there are many possibilities that lie hidden from the common: some are gifts to be treasured and some are troubles to be defeated. neither will be found unless man embarks on the journey. the sea is holding the balance in the whole story, it is the substance world that the old man depends on, it is all content of his living, the sea prepares the mystical big fish, it supplies a place to reveal the old mans courage and will-power, the sea is a picture that means a lot. in the novel, santiago embarks on a sea journey and encounters a giant marlin. he battles nobly to earn the treasure, and then fights against sharks to save the treasure. the struggle defines him as a real hero. though he loses the marlin in the end, he has won the sea battle and honored himself. the sea is just like the society. only a man faces and fights on it with courage, can he defeat the unchangeable fate and become the strong one of the life. like the sea too, the society contains many hidden treasures or good chances and predators. 4. 3.2.4the shark a powerful deputy of the evil force the shark stands for the evil side of the natural world. it symbolizes the destructive force of the society and the world.when santiago is fighting with the marlin, the sea is calm, beautiful, which is harmonious with the nature. but the sharks smell the taste of blood, they come up one by one and destroy the harmony. furthermore, they devour the old mans trophy-great marlin, like the predators. when the old man wants to fish a big fish, he really catches a unprecedented big fish, his praise for the big fish, the big size of the body, the grace of the posture, the hugeness of the power, the beauty of the color can make us reminds of it. those sharks can be seen as symbols of the evil force that obstruct people to achieve the perfect condition.3.2.5 the marlinthe symbol of achievement in contrast to the shark, which stands for a bad part of nature, the giant marlin also has its symbolic meaning in the novel. it becomes a symbol of the ideal in life that challenges those who is eager for it. it is precisely through the effort to battle the huge marlin that santiago proves his heroism and manliness. he finds the marlin worthy of a fight, and so he fights hardly. by realizing the life ideal, he proves himself a worthy fisherman. so a heroic and manly life is not self-sufficiency, it requires constant demonstration of ones worthiness through noble action and struggle for the ideal in life.4 hemingways philosophy of life reflected by the symbols in the old man and the sea in this novel, hemingway has used many symbols. all these symbols have very important and special meanings. by understanding them, we can better understand the writers philosophy of life.4.1 hemingways philosophy of life in the old man and the sea the old man and the sea is a song of praise about human spirit. through the description of the sufferings santiago endures and his courageous behavior in his fights with the marlin and the sharks, hemingway intends to tell us his philosophy of life: although life is a lonely battle, it is a struggle that man should fight on with courage and endurance; and the “meaning” of life is not to be found in “success” or “failure”, but rather in the struggle itself. to hemingway, life is a struggle to be borne, not like a burden, but as a challenge. he thinks that man has the power to struggle for life, no matter what result may be. according to him, human beings are not totally hopeless in the world. even though he knows that the human struggle is useless in face of the natural forces, he encourages people to strive. in this sense, hemingways philosophy of life is the further and heroic development of the naturalists. in addition, hemingways philosophy of life is also helpful to the people today. when faced with the difficulties and setbacks in life, many people complain about the fate and chance; they feel depressed, losing hope towards life. this is not the right attitude towards life. hemingway tells us that a man should face and overcome the difficulties in life with decency, dignity, and heroism. to be a man is to behave with honor and dignity, not to succumb to suffering, to accept ones duty without complaint, and most importantly, to display a maximum of self-control. this is hemingways ideal of manhood, and santiago is the perfect representative of hemingway code hero. so we should learn from santiago. when we suffer from the setbacks in life, we should fight against them to the end despite the pain, and display great grace and courage during the battle. this is just the right attitude we should have towards life.4.2 hemingways attitude towards the society reflected through the symbol of the sea sea stands for the world all men live. in the sea there are many treasures and dangers for eve